Biology Chapter on Endocrine System
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Questions and Answers

What hormone is associated with the regulation of sleep-wake cycles?

  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Insulin
  • Melatonin (correct)

    • What is the name of the connective tissue that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland?

  • Isthmus (correct)
  • Follicle
  • Trachea
  • Stroma

    • What is the primary component of the thyroid gland that produces hormones?

  • Stroma
  • Follicular cells (correct)
  • Connective tissue
  • Isthmus

    • What condition arises due to iodine deficiency in the diet?

    <p>Hypothyroidism (B), Goitre (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition that occurs when the thyroid gland produces an abnormally high level of hormones?

    <p>Hyperthyroidism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT a potential consequence of hypothyroidism during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased intelligence quotient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Cancer of the thyroid gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Producing hormones that control metabolism and growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is considered a primary sex organ in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Testis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Leydig cells in the testes?

    <p>Secretion of testosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of testosterone?

    <p>Development of female secondary sex characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ovaries in females?

    <p>Production of eggs (ova) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily secreted by the corpus luteum?

    <p>Progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following hormones is associated with the development of female secondary sex characteristics?

    <p>Estrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most accurate description of the role of progesterone in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Prepares the uterus for implantation and supports pregnancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The development of a low pitch of voice in males is directly associated with which hormone?

    <p>Testosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Secretion of catecholamines to respond to stress and emergencies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a symptom of Addison's disease?

    <p>Increased blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating water and electrolyte balance?

    <p>Aldosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the layers of the adrenal cortex, from outer to inner?

    <p>Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of catecholamines on glycogen breakdown?

    <p>Stimulation of glycogen breakdown, leading to increased blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a function of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Stimulation of protein synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Epinephrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of adrenaline on the heart?

    <p>Increased heart rate and increased strength of contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Erythropoietin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)?

    <p>Decrease blood pressure by dilating blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for decreasing blood pressure?

    <p>Atrial Natriuretic Factor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney?

    <p>Erythropoietin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hormone progesterone?

    <p>Maintaining pregnancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the thyroid gland to produce its hormones?

    <p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes?

    <p>Cholecystokinin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of growth factors?

    <p>Supporting tissue growth and repair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood calcium levels?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the hormone thymosin?

    <p>Development of the immune system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

    <p>Atrial wall of the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a gonadotrophic hormone?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these hormones acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen?

    <p>Gastrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hormone-receptor complex in hormone action?

    <p>It initiates biochemical changes within the target tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are hormone receptors considered specific?

    <p>Each receptor binds to only one specific hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of exopthalmic goitre?

    <p>Increased blood calcium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

    <p>To increase blood calcium levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) contribute to calcium homeostasis?

    <p>PTH stimulates calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and promotes bone resorption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between thymosins and the immune system?

    <p>Thymosins promote the development of T-lymphocytes, essential for cell-mediated immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of thyroid hormones in metabolism?

    <p>Thyroid hormones regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, impacting energy production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) on blood calcium levels?

    <p>TCT decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the adrenal glands located in the human body?

    <p>On the anterior part of the kidneys, one gland per kidney (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the thymus gland and thymosin production as an individual ages?

    <p>The thymus gland shrinks with age, resulting in decreased production of thymosins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Melatonin

    A hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and metabolism.

    Thyroid Gland

    An endocrine gland with two lobes that regulates metabolism and growth hormones.

    Follicular Cells

    Cells in the thyroid that synthesize T3 and T4 hormones.

    Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

    A thyroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism and energy levels.

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    Triiodothyronine (T3)

    A more active thyroid hormone that influences metabolism and growth.

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    Iodine Deficiency

    Lack of iodine leading to conditions like hypothyroidism and goitre.

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    Hypothyroidism

    Underproduction of thyroid hormones, causing fatigue and growth defects.

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    Hyperthyroidism

    Overproduction of thyroid hormones causing increased metabolism and body stress.

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    Exophthalmic goitre

    A form of hyperthyroidism with enlarged thyroid and protruding eyeballs.

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    Thyroid hormones

    Regulate basal metabolic rate, red blood cell formation, and metabolism of nutrients.

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    Thyrocalcitonin (TCT)

    A hormone that regulates blood calcium levels secreted by the thyroid gland.

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    Parathyroid glands

    Four glands regulating calcium levels via parathyroid hormone (PTH).

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    Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

    A hypercalcemic hormone that increases blood calcium levels.

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    Thymus gland

    An immune system organ responsible for T-lymphocyte development.

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    Thymosins

    Peptide hormones from the thymus involved in immune response and T-cell differentiation.

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    Adrenal glands

    Pair of glands atop kidneys involved in stress response and hormone secretion.

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    Diabetes Mellitus

    A disorder from prolonged hyperglycemia causing glucose loss in urine.

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    Insulin Therapy

    A treatment for diabetic patients to manage blood sugar levels.

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    Testis

    Male reproductive organ that also acts as an endocrine gland.

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    Leydig Cells

    Cells in testis that produce androgens like testosterone.

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    Androgens

    Hormones that regulate male secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis.

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    Ovary

    Primary female sex organ producing ova and hormones like estrogen.

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    Estrogen

    A hormone produced by growing ovarian follicles, regulating female traits.

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    Progesterone

    Hormone secreted by corpus luteum, supporting pregnancy.

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    Adrenal medulla

    The inner part of the adrenal gland that secretes hormones like adrenaline.

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    Adrenal cortex

    The outer part of the adrenal gland that produces corticoids.

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    Addison’s disease

    A disorder caused by underproduction of adrenal cortex hormones leading to fatigue.

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    Catecholamines

    Hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline that respond to stress.

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    Fight or Flight

    A physiological response to stress marked by adrenaline release.

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    Glucocorticoids

    Hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism, including cortisol.

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    Mineralocorticoids

    Hormones that regulate the balance of water and electrolytes.

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    Cortisol

    The main glucocorticoid that helps manage stress and metabolism.

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    Atrial natriuretic factor

    A hormone from the atrial wall that lowers blood pressure.

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    Erythropoietin

    A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

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    Gastrin

    A hormone secreted by the gastrointestinal tract that regulates digestive juices.

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    Secretin

    A hormone that stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juices and regulates water homeostasis.

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    Cholecystokinin

    A hormone that stimulates the digestion of fat and protein.

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    Gonadotrophins

    Hormones that stimulate the gonads (ovaries and testes) for reproductive functions.

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    Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

    A peptide hormone from the heart that reduces blood pressure by dilating blood vessels.

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    Cholecystokinin (CCK)

    A hormone that stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gall bladder.

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    Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

    A hormone that inhibits gastric secretion and motility.

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    Hormone-Receptor Complex

    A complex formed when a hormone binds to its specific receptor on target tissues.

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    Study Notes

    Chemical Coordination and Integration

    • The neural system provides rapid point-to-point coordination, but it's short-lived.
    • The endocrine system provides a slower, but longer-lasting coordination.
    • Endocrine glands lack ducts and release secretions (hormones) directly into the blood.
    • Hormones act as intercellular messengers.
    • Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals produced in trace amounts
    • Hormones are transported to target organs, where they act on specific target cells.
    • The endocrine and neural systems work together to coordinate and regulate bodily functions.

    Endocrine Glands and Hormones

    • Endocrine glands are ductless, releasing hormones directly into the blood.
    • The classical definition of a hormone is a chemical produced by an endocrine gland, transported to a distant target organ, and influencing its function
    • The new definition describes hormones as non-nutrient chemicals acting as intercellular messengers produced in trace amounts.
    • Invertebrates have simple endocrine systems with few hormones.
    • Vertebrates have numerous hormones coordinating bodily functions.
    • The human endocrine system is complex and includes various glands.

    Human Endocrine System

    • The endocrine system is composed of glands and hormone-producing tissues/cells.
    • These glands include the pituitary, pineal, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus, and gonads (testes and ovaries).
    • Other organs, like the heart, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract, also produce hormones.

    Hypothalamus

    • The hypothalamus is a part of the brain's diencephalon, regulating various bodily functions, including the endocrine system.
    • Hypothalamic hormones are classified into releasing and inhibiting types.
    • Releasing hormones stimulate pituitary hormone secretion.
    • Inhibiting hormones suppress pituitary hormone secretion.
    • Hypothalamus regulates the anterior pituitary via portal circulation.
    • Hypothalamus directly controls the posterior pituitary through neural pathways.

    Pituitary Gland

    • The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is located in a bony cavity (sella tursica) and connected to the hypothalamus.
    • Divided anatomically into adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary).
    • Anterior pituitary (pars distalis) produces tropic hormones (GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH).
    • Anterior pituitary hormones regulate the synthesis and secretion of other hormones from peripheral endocrine glands.
    • Posterior pituitary (pars nervosa) stores and releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus (oxytocin and vasopressin).

    Pineal Gland

    • Situated in the dorsal portion of the forebrain.
    • It secretes melatonin, involved in the 24-hour biological rhythms.
    • Melatonin also influences body temperature, sleep-wake cycle, and pigmentation.

    Thyroid Gland

    • Composed of two lobes located on either side of the trachea.
    • Produces two iodine-containing hormones: T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).
    • Crucial for regulating metabolic rate and growth.

    Parathyroid Gland

    • Four parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid.
    • They produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), regulating blood calcium levels.
    • PTH acts on bones, kidneys, and intestines to raise blood calcium levels.

    Adrenal Gland

    • Located above the kidneys.
    • Composed of adrenal cortex (outer region) and adrenal medulla (inner region).
    • Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
    • These hormones are secreted in response to stress/emergency – 'fight or flight'.
    • Adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids, regulating carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.

    Pancreas

    • Is an endocrine and exocrine gland.
    • Endocrine portion comprises islets of Langerhans, containing alpha (α-cells) and beta (β-cells).
    • Alpha cells secrete glucagon, a hyperglycemic hormone.
    • Beta cells secrete insulin, a hypoglycemic hormone.
    • Regulates blood sugar levels.

    Testis

    • Produce androgens (mainly testosterone) stimulating the development and functions of male accessory sex organs and secondary sexual characters.

    Ovaries

    • Produce estrogen and progesterone, which influence the development and functions of female reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics.
    • Essential for the regulation of menstrual cycle and pregnancy maintenance.

    Heart, Kidney & Gastrointestinal Tract

    • Organs other than traditional endocrine glands also produce hormones.
    • Heart secretes atrial natriuretic factor (ANF).
    • Kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO).
    • The gastrointestinal tract produces gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) regulating digestion.

    Mechanism of Hormone Action

    • Hormones work by binding to specific receptors.
    • Hormone-receptor binding triggers various cellular responses.
    • Membrane-bound receptors are located on the cell membrane, while intracellular receptors are located inside the cell.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of chemical coordination in the human body with this quiz on the neuro-endocrine system. Learn about the roles, definitions, and functions of hormones, as well as the distinction between the neural and endocrine systems. Test your understanding of how these systems work together to regulate bodily functions.

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