DNA Replication Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the structure of DNA?

Double Helix

What is the building block of DNA?

Nucleotides

What is the complementary nitrogenous base to adenine?

Uracil & Thymine

When in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>Synthesis phase in Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many replication forks are in the replication bubble?

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for adding support or stabilizing the newly opened DNA?

<p>Single strand binding protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary nitrogenous base to guanine?

<p>Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is responsible for 'un-zipping' DNA?

<p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of macromolecule is helicase?

<p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the separate strands of DNA?

<p>DNA Polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary nitrogenous base to cytosine?

<p>Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme puts down the RNA primer so DNA polymerase can 'print' on the 5' side of DNA?

<p>Primase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the sections of DNA (in-between the RNA primers) that are synthesized on the 5' side called?

<p>Okazaki Fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is responsible for putting the Okazaki fragments together?

<p>Ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the complementary nitrogenous base to thymine?

<p>Adenine</p> Signup and view all the answers

The result of DNA replication is half parent, half newly synthesized. For this reason, DNA replication is considered ____?

<p>Semi-Conservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

The components of DNA are similar for all living organisms.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prokaryotes have multiple sites of origin.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a single base is changed this is called a ____?

<p>Point Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many nucleotides are in a codon?

<p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Several different codons code for the same amino acid.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

An insertion mutation causes a frame-shift.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of RNA is responsible for bringing the template to a ribosome for protein synthesis?

<p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

This is the process of building protein.

<p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

This is the process of mRNA copying DNA to make a template.

<p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of DNA?

<p>Storage of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the building blocks of DNA?

<p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does DNA replicate?

<p>S-phase of Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does DNA replicate?

<p>Eukaryotic: Nucleus. Prokaryotes: Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is polymerase?

<p>It complements the DNA during replication. It adds nucleotides to the copying strand of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is helicase?

<p>It is the enzyme responsible for opening or unzipping the double strand of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primase?

<p>It puts down the RNA primers that allow DNA polymerase to complement the lagging strand (5' side).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ligase?

<p>It re-combines the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the correct DNA complements?

<p>DNA: A-T, G-C; RNA: A-U, G-U</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of DNA replication?

<p>Two daughter DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a codon?

<p>It is part of an RNA template, made of 3 nitrogenous bases, responsible for making proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If there are 15 nucleotides in a gene, how many amino acids will be produced?

<p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about RNA?

<p>It is a single strand and doesn't have thymine (replaced by uracil).</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many RNA molecules are there?

<p>mRNA, tRNA, rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are proteins made?

<p>DNA is copied by mRNA. That template is transferred to a ribosome so a protein can be built.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetic code is universal, although no organism has identical DNA, each organism uses the same components: ATGC.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the point of origin?

<p>It is the site of DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

<p>Cell protection, selective permeability (letting things in and out of the cell)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of enzymes?

<p>Speed up reactions and lower activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromatids are in a chromosome?

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DNA Structure and Components

  • DNA has a Double Helix structure, which is characteristic of its molecular configuration.
  • The building blocks of DNA are Nucleotides, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Nitrogenous Base Pairing

  • Adenine pairs with Thymine in DNA and Uracil in RNA.
  • Guanine pairs with Cytosine.

DNA Replication Process

  • DNA replication occurs during the Synthesis phase of Interphase in the cell cycle.
  • Replication bubbles contain 2 replication forks, where the DNA strands split for replication.
  • Helicase is the enzyme responsible for "unzipping" the DNA strands.
  • Single strand binding proteins stabilize the open strands of DNA during replication.
  • DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to the separated DNA strands.
  • Primase lays down RNA primers to initiate replication on the lagging strand.
  • Segments of DNA synthesized between RNA primers are called Okazaki fragments.
  • Ligase is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.

Types of Mutations

  • A change in a single base is termed a Point Mutation.
  • Insertion mutations cause a frame-shift in the DNA sequence, altering how the sequence is read.

RNA and Protein Synthesis

  • There are three types of RNA: mRNA (carries genetic information), tRNA (transfers amino acids to ribosomes), and rRNA (makes up ribosomes).
  • Transcription is the process where mRNA copies DNA to create a template.
  • Translation refers to the process of building proteins from the mRNA template.

Genetic Information and Function

  • DNA serves as the storage of genetic information.
  • The genetic code is universal across all organisms, though each has unique DNA sequences.
  • In eukaryotes, DNA replication occurs in the nucleus, while it occurs in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes.

DNA Replication Characteristics

  • DNA replication is termed Semi-Conservative as each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one new strand.
  • Chromatids are paired structures formed during cell division, with each chromosome consisting of 2 chromatids.

Cell and Enzyme Functions

  • The cell membrane serves to protect the cell and is selectively permeable, controlling the movement of substances in and out.
  • Enzymes function to speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary for those reactions.

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Test your knowledge of DNA replication with these flashcards! From the structure of DNA to the building blocks and nitrogenous bases, each card provides essential information for understanding this vital biological process. Perfect for students studying molecular biology and genetics.

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