Biology Chapter on Cellular Respiration and Acids
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Biology Chapter on Cellular Respiration and Acids

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

  • Ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons.
  • Covalent bonds form between metals and non-metals.
  • Ionic bonds result from the transfer of electrons. (correct)
  • Covalent bonds are typically weaker than ionic bonds.

    • Which model describes the atom as having a nucleus surrounded by electrons in specific energy levels?

  • Rutherford's Model
  • Dalton's Model
  • Thomson's Model
  • Bohr's Model (correct)

    • Which of the following accurately represents the Law of Conservation of Mass?

  • The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products. (correct)
  • Mass and energy are interchangeable during a reaction.
  • Mass can be created during a chemical reaction.
  • Mass can be destroyed during a chemical reaction.

    • What is an example of a reaction involving acids and bases?

    <p>Neutralization reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

    <p>Isotopes are variants of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the innate immune system?

    <p>To provide immediate defense against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do phagocytes like macrophages play in the innate immune system?

    <p>They engulf and digest pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the body increase temperature during an inflammatory response?

    <p>To create a less favorable environment for pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the body's local innate defenses become overwhelmed?

    <p>The body experiences a systemic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of isotopes in industry?

    <p>They can be used for radioactive dating and medical diagnostics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a half-life of a radioactive isotope indicate?

    <p>The time required for half of the isotope to decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using isotopes in industries?

    <p>They can provide precise measurements in scientific applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of natural killer cells in the innate immune system?

    <p>To directly kill infected or cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during cellular respiration along with energy?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is classified as an acid?

    <p>Acetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs when an acid neutralizes a base?

    <p>Neutralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following reactions is hydrogen gas produced?

    <p>Acid reacting with a metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range of substances classified as bases?

    <p>pH greater than 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when an acid reacts with a carbonate?

    <p>Salt, water, and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical equation correctly represents the formation of a salt from an acid and a base?

    <p>HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acids in aqueous solutions?

    <p>Donating protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the brain?

    <p>To control thought, memory, and emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of bringing oxygen into the body called?

    <p>Inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ functions primarily to pump blood and oxygen throughout the body?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the intestines beyond digestion?

    <p>Producing hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is homeostasis?

    <p>A self-regulating process that maintains stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do muscles contribute to movement?

    <p>They enable walking, running, and jumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might happen if homeostasis is unsuccessful?

    <p>It results in a disaster or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the lungs play in respiration?

    <p>They facilitate the exchange of gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a neutron?

    <p>Neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is essential for accurately performing stoichiometry calculations?

    <p>Conservation of Mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons can the second energy level (L Shell) hold?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the atomic number (Z) of an element represent?

    <p>The total number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

    <p>Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the electron configuration of sodium (Na), how many electrons are in the third energy level?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a fundamental principle that the Law of Conservation of Mass has been experimentally verified?

    <p>Total mass remains unchanged in chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that the first energy level (K Shell) can hold?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration is a process where glucose is broken down to release energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
    • Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
    • C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

    Acids

    • Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution
    • Acids have a pH of less than 7
    • Acids turn blue litmus paper red
    • Common acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), and acetic acid (CH3COOH).

    Bases

    • Bases accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution.
    • Bases have a pH greater than 7
    • Bases turn red litmus paper blue
    • Common bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and ammonia (NH3).

    Acid-Base Neutralization

    • Acid + Base → Water + Salt
    • HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl

    Formation of Salts

    • Salts are formed when an acid reacts with a base
    • Acid + Base → Salt + Water
    • H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O

    Acid-Base Reactions with Metals

    • Acids react with metals to form a salt and hydrogen gas.
    • Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen Gas
    • 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2

    Neutralisation of Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates

    • Acids react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to form carbon dioxide, water, and a salt.
    • Acid + Carbonate/Bicarbonate → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Salt
    • 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

    Reaction with Ammonia

    • Acids react with ammonia to form ammonium salts.

    Basic Structure of Atoms

    • The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons.
    • Protons are positively charged, while neutrons are neutral.
    • The electron cloud surrounds the nucleus and contains negatively charged electrons.
    • Electrons occupy specific energy levels or shells.

    Subatomic Particles

    • Protons: Positively charged, found in the nucleus, determine the element's atomic number (Z)
    • Neutrons: Neutral, found in the nucleus, contribute to the atomic mass.
    • Electrons: Negatively charged, found in the electron cloud, occupy specific energy levels (shells), and the number of electrons equals the number of protons in a neutral atom.

    Energy Levels or Shells

    • First Energy Level (K Shell): Closest to the nucleus, holds up to 2 electrons.
    • Second Energy Level (L Shell): Further from the nucleus, holds up to 8 electrons
    • Third Energy Level (M Shell): Further from the nucleus than the second shell, holds up to 18 electrons

    Electron Configuration

    • Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in the energy levels of an atom.
    • It follows the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule.

    Isotopes

    • Isotopes are atoms of the same element, but with different numbers of neutrons.

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is any self-regulating process by which an organism maintains stability.
    • Homeostasis is essential for survival, and failure to maintain it can lead to disaster or death.

    Organ System Functions

    • Brain: Controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger, and regulates bodily processes.
    • Lungs: Allow for breathing, taking in oxygen (inspiration) and sending out carbon dioxide (expiration).
    • Heart: Pumps blood and oxygen through the body and delivers waste products to the lungs.
    • Intestines: Digest food, produce hormones, fight germs, and regulate water balance.
    • Muscles: Help with movement, carry body weight, and support during standing.

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    Description

    Explore the processes of cellular respiration, acids, bases, and acid-base neutralization. This quiz covers key reactions, properties of acids and bases, and the formation of salts. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in biology and chemistry.

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