Biology Chapter on Cellular Respiration and Acids
37 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

  • Ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons.
  • Covalent bonds form between metals and non-metals.
  • Ionic bonds result from the transfer of electrons. (correct)
  • Covalent bonds are typically weaker than ionic bonds.

    • Which model describes the atom as having a nucleus surrounded by electrons in specific energy levels?

  • Rutherford's Model
  • Dalton's Model
  • Thomson's Model
  • Bohr's Model (correct)

    • Which of the following accurately represents the Law of Conservation of Mass?

  • The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products. (correct)
  • Mass and energy are interchangeable during a reaction.
  • Mass can be created during a chemical reaction.
  • Mass can be destroyed during a chemical reaction.

    • What is an example of a reaction involving acids and bases?

    <p>Neutralization reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

    <p>Isotopes are variants of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the innate immune system?

    <p>To provide immediate defense against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do phagocytes like macrophages play in the innate immune system?

    <p>They engulf and digest pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the body increase temperature during an inflammatory response?

    <p>To create a less favorable environment for pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the body's local innate defenses become overwhelmed?

    <p>The body experiences a systemic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of isotopes in industry?

    <p>They can be used for radioactive dating and medical diagnostics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a half-life of a radioactive isotope indicate?

    <p>The time required for half of the isotope to decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using isotopes in industries?

    <p>They can provide precise measurements in scientific applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of natural killer cells in the innate immune system?

    <p>To directly kill infected or cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during cellular respiration along with energy?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is classified as an acid?

    <p>Acetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs when an acid neutralizes a base?

    <p>Neutralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following reactions is hydrogen gas produced?

    <p>Acid reacting with a metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range of substances classified as bases?

    <p>pH greater than 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when an acid reacts with a carbonate?

    <p>Salt, water, and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical equation correctly represents the formation of a salt from an acid and a base?

    <p>HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acids in aqueous solutions?

    <p>Donating protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the brain?

    <p>To control thought, memory, and emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of bringing oxygen into the body called?

    <p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ functions primarily to pump blood and oxygen throughout the body?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the intestines beyond digestion?

    <p>Producing hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is homeostasis?

    <p>A self-regulating process that maintains stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do muscles contribute to movement?

    <p>They enable walking, running, and jumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might happen if homeostasis is unsuccessful?

    <p>It results in a disaster or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the lungs play in respiration?

    <p>They facilitate the exchange of gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a neutron?

    <p>Neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is essential for accurately performing stoichiometry calculations?

    <p>Conservation of Mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons can the second energy level (L Shell) hold?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the atomic number (Z) of an element represent?

    <p>The total number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about isotopes is correct?

    <p>Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the electron configuration of sodium (Na), how many electrons are in the third energy level?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a fundamental principle that the Law of Conservation of Mass has been experimentally verified?

    <p>Total mass remains unchanged in chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that the first energy level (K Shell) can hold?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration is a process where glucose is broken down to release energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
    • Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
    • C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

    Acids

    • Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution
    • Acids have a pH of less than 7
    • Acids turn blue litmus paper red
    • Common acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), and acetic acid (CH3COOH).

    Bases

    • Bases accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution.
    • Bases have a pH greater than 7
    • Bases turn red litmus paper blue
    • Common bases include sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), and ammonia (NH3).

    Acid-Base Neutralization

    • Acid + Base → Water + Salt
    • HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl

    Formation of Salts

    • Salts are formed when an acid reacts with a base
    • Acid + Base → Salt + Water
    • H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O

    Acid-Base Reactions with Metals

    • Acids react with metals to form a salt and hydrogen gas.
    • Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen Gas
    • 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2

    Neutralisation of Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates

    • Acids react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to form carbon dioxide, water, and a salt.
    • Acid + Carbonate/Bicarbonate → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Salt
    • 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

    Reaction with Ammonia

    • Acids react with ammonia to form ammonium salts.

    Basic Structure of Atoms

    • The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons.
    • Protons are positively charged, while neutrons are neutral.
    • The electron cloud surrounds the nucleus and contains negatively charged electrons.
    • Electrons occupy specific energy levels or shells.

    Subatomic Particles

    • Protons: Positively charged, found in the nucleus, determine the element's atomic number (Z)
    • Neutrons: Neutral, found in the nucleus, contribute to the atomic mass.
    • Electrons: Negatively charged, found in the electron cloud, occupy specific energy levels (shells), and the number of electrons equals the number of protons in a neutral atom.

    Energy Levels or Shells

    • First Energy Level (K Shell): Closest to the nucleus, holds up to 2 electrons.
    • Second Energy Level (L Shell): Further from the nucleus, holds up to 8 electrons
    • Third Energy Level (M Shell): Further from the nucleus than the second shell, holds up to 18 electrons

    Electron Configuration

    • Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in the energy levels of an atom.
    • It follows the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule.

    Isotopes

    • Isotopes are atoms of the same element, but with different numbers of neutrons.

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis is any self-regulating process by which an organism maintains stability.
    • Homeostasis is essential for survival, and failure to maintain it can lead to disaster or death.

    Organ System Functions

    • Brain: Controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger, and regulates bodily processes.
    • Lungs: Allow for breathing, taking in oxygen (inspiration) and sending out carbon dioxide (expiration).
    • Heart: Pumps blood and oxygen through the body and delivers waste products to the lungs.
    • Intestines: Digest food, produce hormones, fight germs, and regulate water balance.
    • Muscles: Help with movement, carry body weight, and support during standing.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Yearly Year 10 Science 2024 Assessment Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the processes of cellular respiration, acids, bases, and acid-base neutralization. This quiz covers key reactions, properties of acids and bases, and the formation of salts. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in biology and chemistry.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser