Microbiology Quiz on Growth and Metabolism
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of psychrotrophs?

  • They cause food spoilage in a fridge. (correct)
  • They thrive best in hypertonic environments.
  • They require high temperatures for growth.
  • They are anaerobic microorganisms.

Which group of microorganisms requires a high solute concentration for optimal growth?

  • Barophiles
  • Osmophiles (correct)
  • Osmotolerant
  • Obligate

Which type of microorganisms can grow best under high hydrostatic pressure?

  • Barophiles (correct)
  • Osmophiles
  • Barotolerant
  • Facultative

What distinguishes anaerobic cellular respiration from aerobic respiration?

<p>It does not require oxygen for ATP production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common end product of fermentation?

<p>Carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cannot tolerate hypertonic environments?

<p>Most microbes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules of pyruvate are produced from a single molecule of glucose during fermentation?

<p>2 molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical concentration of NaCl found in oceans?

<p>3.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows Helicobacter pylori to thrive in the acidic environment of the stomach?

<p>It produces gastric urease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotic cells, where does DNA replication occur?

<p>In the nucleus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of reproduction in bacteria?

<p>Binary fission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the flow of genetic information in cells?

<p>The central dogma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

<p>DNA is replicated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure divides a bacterium into two identical daughter cells during binary fission?

<p>A transverse septum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During translation, what is translated into amino acids?

<p>mRNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In prokaryotic cells, where does transcription take place?

<p>In the cytoplasm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Gram-positive bacteria's cell wall?

<p>Thick peptidoglycan layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Gram-negative bacteria is correct?

<p>They have a complex cell wall structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate thickness of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-negative bacteria?

<p>5 to 10 nm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria?

<p>It acts as a protective barrier. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of a large periplasmic space indicate?

<p>It is found in Gram-negative bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is commonly found in the bowel?

<p>Escherichia coli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary invention made by Hans Christian Gram?

<p>The Gram staining technique (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of antibiotic susceptibility, which statement is true?

<p>Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism uses CO2 as their carbon source?

<p>Photoautotrophs (B), Chemoautotrophs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of psychrophiles?

<p>Cold-loving and can grow at 0° C or lower (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are classified as mesophiles?

<p>Bacteria that grow optimally between 25° C and 40° C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient can some bacteria obtain from inorganic compounds?

<p>Nitrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes chemoheterotrophs from other nutritional types?

<p>Use organic compounds for both energy and carbon sources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms are rich in environments like hot springs?

<p>Thermophiles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about photoheterotrophs is true?

<p>They require organic compounds for their carbon source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal growth temperature range for psychrotrophs?

<p>25° C to 30° C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

<p>Production of proteins for cell maintenance and repair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ribosomal subunit is primarily used for identifying eukaryotic fungi at the molecular level?

<p>18S (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are organisms classified based on their energy source?

<p>By the source of energy they derive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism can synthesize all their cell material from carbon dioxide?

<p>Autotrophs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism uses light as a source of energy?

<p>Phototroph (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main parts of a bacterial flagellum?

<p>Filament, hook, basal body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a tuft of flagella at one end of the bacterial cell?

<p>Lophotrichous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the extracellular matrix in biofilms?

<p>Polysaccharides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do biofilms contribute negatively to the food industry?

<p>They create ideal environments for harmful bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to a cell's behavior as the thickness of a biofilm increases?

<p>It becomes more complex and altered (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the attachment behavior of the first colony of microbes in a biofilm?

<p>It anchors permanently if not removed immediately (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following locations can biofilms form?

<p>On a variety of surfaces, including medical devices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential positive use do biofilms have?

<p>Bioremediation of contaminated soil or water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is true?

<p>Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines Gram-positive bacteria?

<p>They possess a thick peptidoglycan layer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct concerning the glycocalyx?

<p>The glycocalyx is found outside the plasma membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the reproduction method known as binary fission?

<p>It is a method primarily used by bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about bacterial flagella is accurate?

<p>Flagella are membrane extensions that aid in bacterial movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes photoheterotrophs from photoautotrophs?

<p>Photoheterotrophs use organic compounds as their carbon source. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of microorganisms typically thrives at high temperatures between 65° C and higher?

<p>Thermophiles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nutritional source do chemoautotrophs rely on?

<p>Chemical compounds for energy and CO2 for carbon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following environments would be most suitable for psychrophiles?

<p>Arctic and Antarctic regions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes mesophiles?

<p>They typically thrive in moderate temperature ranges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can some bacteria obtain nitrogen for their nutritional needs?

<p>From inorganic compounds such as nitrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classifications includes organisms that grow slow at 0° C but optimal at higher temperatures?

<p>Psychrotrophs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient requirement can be satisfied by organic compounds or inorganic salts?

<p>Sulfur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria regarding their peptidoglycan layers?

<p>Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer than Gram-negative. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the outer membrane found in Gram-negative bacteria?

<p>It is absent in Gram-positive bacteria. (A), It is directly attached to the peptidoglycan layer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the periplasmic space in Gram-negative bacteria?

<p>It is non-existent in Gram-positive bacteria. (A), It is larger than the periplasmic space in Gram-positive bacteria. (C), It contains lipid molecules similar to those in the outer membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of a bacterium's cell wall affect its stain retention in Gram staining?

<p>The ability to hold onto a stain is generally determined by cell wall structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are Gram-negative bacteria generally more resistant to antibiotics compared to Gram-positive bacteria?

<p>They have an outer membrane that acts as a barrier. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do teichoic acids play in the Gram-positive cell wall?

<p>They provide structural stability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the bacterial flagellum is anchored to the cell surface?

<p>Basal body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes flagella located at both ends of a bacterial cell?

<p>Amphitrichous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is most commonly found in the human bowel?

<p>Gram-negative bacilli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of their physical characteristics, how do Gram-positive bacteria differ from Gram-negative bacteria?

<p>They have smaller periplasmic spaces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of biofilmmaking in relation to microbial attachment?

<p>The first colony adheres to a surface permanently if not removed immediately (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the composition of the extracellular matrix in biofilms?

<p>It primarily consists of polysaccharides and can include non-cellular material (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do biofilms impact plasmid exchange among bacteria?

<p>They create an ideal environment for plasmid exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the typical diameter of bacterial flagella?

<p>12 to 30 nm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cleansers play in relation to biofilms?

<p>They can kill single cells but may not effectively remove biofilms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initial factor leads to biofilm formation?

<p>The first colony adhering to a surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of microorganisms can survive but do not thrive in high hydrostatic pressure environments?

<p>Barotolerant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of bacteria can tolerate salt concentrations up to 10%?

<p>Both B and C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary byproduct of fermentation that bacteria use to generate ATP without oxygen?

<p>Pyruvate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes osmotolerant microorganisms from other types?

<p>They can withstand some osmotic pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which environment would you most likely find obligate halophiles?

<p>Salt lakes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which bacteria generate energy in the absence of oxygen?

<p>Fermentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration?

<p>Aerobic requires oxygen; anaerobic does not (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pressure is exerted by the weight of the surrounding water on aquatic microorganisms?

<p>Hydrostatic pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cilia in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Moving fluid over the surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pili is involved in sexual reproduction among bacteria?

<p>Sex pili (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ordinary pili differ from sex pili in bacteria?

<p>Ordinary pili are found all over the surface, while sex pili are fewer in number (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Cilia are involved in movement on surfaces, while flagella propel the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT associated with pili in prokaryotic cells?

<p>Gene expression regulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true concerning microvilli?

<p>Microvilli are involved primarily in absorption and secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural characteristic of cilia and eukaryotic flagella?

<p>They are structurally identical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component that makes up pili in prokaryotic cells?

<p>Protein subunits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gram-positive Cell Wall

A thick layer of peptidoglycan (20-80 nm) located outside the plasma membrane. It contains teichoic and lipoteichoic acids.

Gram-negative Cell Wall

A thin layer of peptidoglycan (5-10 nm) located outside the plasma membrane. It has a more complex structure than the Gram-positive cell wall, including an outer membrane.

Periplasmic Space

The space between the plasma membrane and the cell wall in bacteria.

Gram Staining

A staining technique that differentiates bacterial cells based on their cell wall structure. Gram-positive bacteria retain the stain, while Gram-negative bacteria do not.

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Teichoic Acid

A type of molecule found in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. It helps maintain cell wall integrity and provides structural support.

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Lipoteichoic Acid

A type of molecule found in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. It anchors the cell wall to the plasma membrane.

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Outer Membrane

The outer membrane of a Gram-negative bacterium, located outside the thin peptidoglycan layer.

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Lipoprotein

A type of molecule found on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It helps anchor the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer.

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What are ribosomes?

Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. They're made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

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How do ribosomes differ in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger, with a sedimentation coefficient of 80S, while prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller, with a sedimentation coefficient of 70S.

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What are Autotrophs?

Autotrophs are organisms that can synthesize their own food from simple inorganic compounds like carbon dioxide (CO2).

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What are Heterotrophs?

Heterotrophs rely on consuming complex organic molecules (like food) from other organisms to obtain their nutrients.

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What are Phototrophs?

Phototrophs use light as their primary energy source. They capture energy from sunlight to fuel their metabolic processes.

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Bacterial Flagellum

A long, helical filament extending from the bacterial cell surface, composed of protein subunits called flagellin.

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Hook

The part of a flagellum that connects the filament to the basal body, allowing flexible movement.

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Basal Body

The motor and anchor of a bacterial flagellum, embedded within the cell membrane and wall.

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Biofilm

A community of microorganisms adhering to a surface and encased in an extracellular matrix.

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Extracellular Matrix

The sticky, protective layer that surrounds a biofilm, often composed of polysaccharides.

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Initial Colonization

The process by which individual bacteria attach to a surface and form the foundation of a biofilm.

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Plasmid Exchange

The transfer of genetic material (plasmids) between bacteria within a biofilm.

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Bioremediation

Using bacteria to clean up contaminated soil or water.

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Photoautotrophs

Organisms that use sunlight for energy and CO2 as their carbon source. They include photosynthetic bacteria, algae, and green plants.

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Photoheterotrophs

Organisms that use sunlight for energy but obtain carbon from organic compounds. They do not perform photosynthesis.

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Chemoautotrophs

Organisms that use chemical compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide or methane, as their energy source and CO2 as their carbon source. They do not use sunlight.

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Chemoheterotrophs

Organisms that obtain both energy and carbon from organic compounds. They cannot make their own food.

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Psychrophiles

Organisms that thrive in cold environments, with optimal growth temperatures around 15° C. They are found in Arctic and Antarctic regions.

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Mesophiles

Organisms that grow best at moderate temperatures, typically between 25° C and 40° C. Most bacteria fall into this category.

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Thermophiles

Organisms that thrive in hot environments, with optimal growth temperatures between 45° C and 60° C. They can be found in hot springs and compost piles.

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Hyperthermophiles

Organisms that thrive in extremely hot environments, with optimal growth temperatures exceeding 65° C. They are found in hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents.

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Barotolerant

Organisms that can survive in high hydrostatic pressure, but grow best at normal pressure.

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Barophiles

Organisms that thrive in high hydrostatic pressure, needing it to grow optimally. They are usually found in the deepest parts of the ocean.

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Osmotolerant

Organisms that can withstand some osmotic pressure, like bacteria with cell walls.

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Osmophiles

Organisms that require a high solute concentration in their environment for optimal growth.

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Danger zone

Temperature range where bacteria can grow the most.Most bacteria, but not all, grow best in this range.

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Psychrotrophs

Organisms that can grow in low temperatures, such as a refrigerator.

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Fermentation

A process where bacteria produce ATP without oxygen, breaking down glucose into pyruvate and other products.

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Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen.

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DNA Replication

The process by which a cell creates an identical copy of its DNA. This occurs before cell division (S phase).

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Central Dogma

The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information in all living organisms. DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

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Transcription

The process where DNA is copied into RNA. In prokaryotic cells, it happens in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells, it occurs in the nucleus.

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Translation

The process where RNA is translated into proteins using the ribosome. Prokaryotic cells translate in the cytoplasm, eukaryotic cells in cytoplasm and the ER.

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Binary Fission

The process in which a single bacteria cell divides into two identical daughter cells, each with a copy of the parent's DNA. This is the primary method of reproduction in bacteria.

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Plasmids

Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria. They are separate from the main bacterial chromosome. They often carry genes for antibiotic resistance.

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Gastric Urease

An enzyme produced by H. pylori that allows the bacteria to survive the acidic environment of the stomach. It is a biomarker for the presence of H. pylori infection.

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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

Bacteria that infect the stomach lining and can cause peptic ulcers. They weaken the gastric mucosa, allowing acid to penetrate tissue and spread bacteria.

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Pili (Fimbriae)

Hair-like structures on the surface of bacteria, important for adhesion, motility, and DNA uptake.

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Sex Pili

Longer, thicker pili used for transferring genetic material between bacteria.

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Cilia

Short, hair-like structures on eukaryotic cells that move fluids over the surface.

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Microvilli

Finger-like projections on eukaryotic cells, primarily for absorption and secretion.

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Flagella (Eukaryotes)

Long, whip-like structures on eukaryotic cells primarily responsible for cell movement.

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Flagella (Prokaryotes)

Long, helical filaments extending from the bacterial cell surface, composed of flagellin. Used in bacterial movement.

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Prokaryotic Cell

A type of cell that lacks a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells.

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Eukaryotic Cell

A type of cell that contains a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are generally larger than prokaryotic cells.

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Cell Wall (Bacterial)

A tough, protective outer layer found in bacterial cells. It can be thick (Gram-positive) or thin (Gram-negative).

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Hook (flagellum)

A structure that connects the filament of a flagellum to the basal body, allowing flexible movement.

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Basal Body (flagellum)

The base of a flagellum, embedded in the cell membrane and wall, acting as the motor and anchor.

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Extracellular Matrix (biofilm)

The sticky, protective layer surrounding a biofilm, often composed of polysaccharides.

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Initial Colonization (biofilm)

The initial attachment of bacteria to a surface, laying the foundation for biofilm formation.

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Plasmid Exchange (biofilm)

The transfer of genetic material (plasmids) between bacteria within a biofilm.

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Hydrostatic pressure

The increased pressure exerted on aquatic microorganisms due to the weight of water above them.

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Study Notes

Lecture Information

  • The lecture is about the structure, physiology, and biochemistry of microorganisms.
  • The learning objectives are to answer questions about cell structure and function, nutrition, culture, and metabolic requirements of microorganisms, microbial growth, and metabolic diversity.
  • The lecture includes revision of animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells.
  • It also covers cell theory, prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells, glycocalyx, cell wall, the gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls, gram staining, exotoxins, endotoxins, surface appendages, bacterial flagella, types of bacterial flagella, biofilms, ribosomes, factors influencing microbial growth (nutritional requirements, temperature, osmotic pressure, atmospheric conditions), metabolic diversity, fermentation, cellular respiration, and molecular biology (transcription, translation, and DNA replication & binary fission).
  • Bacterial types will be covered further in subsequent lectures.

Cell Structure and Function

  • Animal cells are eukaryotic with a nucleus surrounded by membranes, cytoplasm with organelles, the nucleus containing genetic material, cell membrane to control movement of substances.
  • Plant cells are eukaryotic and have a cell wall made of cellulose, a permanent vacuole to keep cells swollen, a chloroplast containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
  • Bacterial cells are prokaryotic, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, they have chromosomal DNA, and plasmids, cell walls, and flagella.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

  • Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller (0.2-60 μm) than eukaryotic cells (5-100 μm)
  • Prokaryotes have one chromosome, while eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes.
  • Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and cytoskeleton; prokaryotes lack these.

Gram Staining

  • Gram staining is used to distinguish between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
  • Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer; gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer.

Microbial Growth Factors

  • Nutritional Requirements: Microorganisms require specific nutrients for growth, including carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus etc.
  • Temperature: Microbes have optimal temperature ranges for growth (psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles).
  • Osmotic Pressure: Osmophiles, osmotolerant microbes can survive high solute concentrations.
  • Atmospheric Conditions: Some microbes require low oxygen (microaerophiles) or absence of oxygen (anaerobes), while others can tolerate oxygen (aerotolerant anaerobes) or grow in its presence (aerobes).
  • Hydrostatic pressure: Barotolerant microbes can survive high hydrostatic pressure. Barophiles grow best under high hydrostatic pressure.

Other Important Concepts

  • Cell Wall: Bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants and algae have cell walls (except animal cells).
  • Glycocalyx: An extracellular matrix that surrounds cells, produced by bacteria and epithelial cells, providing cell-to-cell communication and protection from pathogens.
  • Metabolic Diversity: Microbes metabolize nutrients in different ways (e.g., photoautotrophy, chemoheterotrophy).
  • Fermentation: A type of anaerobic metabolism in which ATP is produced without oxygen.

Molecular Biology

  • The central dogma of molecular biology is DNA → RNA → Protein.
  • DNA replication occurs during the cell cycle's S phase and produces an identical copy of the DNA.
  • Binary fission is the primary method of asexual reproduction in bacteria.
  • Transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, leading to mRNA production, and this process often varies between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
  • Translation is the synthesis of proteins by decoding the genetic information held within mRNA into amino acid sequences, often differing between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Additional Notes

  • The lecture also covered different types of bacterial flagella: monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, and peritrichous, along with biofilms.
  • Several examples of microorganisms were mentioned, such as Helicobacter pylori, and Escherichia coli.
  • Information on different types of microbes was provided including bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa and viruses/microorganisms.

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