Cell Biology Quiz: Eukaryotic Cells
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Questions and Answers

Which of these organelles is NOT found in animal cells, but is found in plant cells?

  • Lysosome
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplast (correct)

    • What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

  • Protein synthesis and lipid metabolism (correct)
  • Storage of genetic material
  • Cellular digestion
  • Energy production

    • Which organelle is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins?

  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus (correct)
  • Nucleus

    • What is the function of lysosomes?

    <p>Cellular digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?

    <p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these cellular components is responsible for providing structural support and movement within a eukaryotic cell?

    <p>Cytoskeleton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ribosomes?

    <p>Synthesizing proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these organelles contains its own DNA?

    <p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nucleolus?

    <p>Synthesis of ribosomal RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of chromatin?

    <p>DNA and proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Regulating the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the distinct units that chromatin condenses into during cell division?

    <p>Chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a function of the nuclear pores?

    <p>Generating energy for the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided text, why are eukaryotic cells called eukaryotic?

    <p>They have a true nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you were to uncoil and lay out end-to-end the DNA from a single human cell, how long would it be?

    <p>6.5 kilometers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the DNA in the human body?

    <p>The DNA in a single human cell is the same as in every other cell in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a signal peptide, and what does it do?

    <p>A short sequence of amino acids that directs a protein to a specific organelle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about ribosomes?

    <p>Ribosomes are located only in the nucleus, where they synthesize nuclear proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in protein synthesis?

    <p>The ER modifies and packages proteins for transport. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if a protein's signal sequence was altered or removed?

    <p>The protein would be transported to a different organelle or remain free in the cytoplasm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a nuclear localization signal (NLS)?

    <p>To transport proteins into the nucleus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a signal sequence that directs a protein to the peroxisome?

    <p>A sequence rich in hydrophobic amino acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the nucleolus located?

    <p>In the nucleus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in protein synthesis?

    <p>The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the endomembrane system?

    <p>Mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Protein synthesis for secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum differ from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most likely destination of a protein synthesized on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Golgi apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, while the Golgi apparatus is not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do transport vesicles move between different components of the endomembrane system?

    <p>They are transported along microtubules by motor proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the synthesis of insulin?

    <p>The ER synthesizes the preproinsulin polypeptide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in the processing of insulin?

    <p>The Golgi apparatus packages insulin into secretory vesicles for transport to the cell membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the signal recognition particle (SRP) in the synthesis of insulin?

    <p>The SRP directs the ribosome and mRNA to the ER membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitochondria?

    <p>Cellular respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the lysosomes in the cell?

    <p>Lysosomes degrade damaged or unneeded macromolecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory?

    <p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by a single membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space within the chloroplast where the Calvin cycle takes place?

    <p>Stroma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which insulin is released from the cell?

    <p>Exocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the signal peptide in the synthesis of insulin?

    <p>The signal peptide targets preproinsulin for transport to the ER membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is involved in the process of detoxification?

    <p>Peroxisomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between insulin and diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficiency in insulin production or function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts?

    <p>Grana (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce?

    <p>Binary fission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Production of preproinsulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about the endosymbiotic theory?

    <p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

    <p>To house the enzymes for the electron transport chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biology 1 - Cells, Molecular Biology, and Genetics (Biol 1000)

    • Course offered by Dr. Michael Cardinal-Aucoin in Winter 2025 at York University
    • Course focuses on cells, molecular biology, and genetics.

    The Eukaryotic Cell

    • Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes forming compartments called organelles.
    • Each organelle is specialized for a particular task.
    • Plant, animal, and protist cells generally share the same organelles.
    • Organelles include: nucleus, endomembrane system (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles), mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and cytoskeleton.

    Eukaryotes

    • Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments (organelles) to help perform specific functions.
    • Plant, animal and protist cells have similar organelles.

    Nucleus

    • Stores the DNA.
    • The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus with an inner and outer membrane.
    • Nuclear pores in the envelope allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus.
    • The nucleolus is a dense region where rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is synthesized. Ribosomes are assembled here.
    • DNA in the nucleus is organized into chromatin, which is DNA associated with proteins (like histones).
    • During cell divison, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes (distinct units).

    Nuclear Pore

    • Controls traffic into and out of the nucleus.
    • Multi-protein structure.
    • Allows molecules like proteins and building blocks of DNA and RNA to enter or exit.

    Ribosomes

    • Present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
    • In eukaryotes, ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus.
    • Made up of proteins and rRNA.
    • Some are free in the cytosol, others are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
    • Sites of protein synthesis; amino acids are assembled into proteins.

    Protein Synthesis

    • Proteins synthesized by free and bound ribosomes have different fates.
    • Free ribosomes make proteins for use within the cytosol.
    • Bound ribosomes make proteins that are destined for secretion or for use within organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi.
    • Proteins have signal sequences that direct them to the correct location.

    Endomembrane System

    • Composed of internal membranes that communicate via direct connections or via vesicles.
    • Key components include nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER and smooth ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    • A network of membranes, continuous with the nuclear envelope.
    • Accounts for more than half the total membrane in eukaryotic cells.
    • Two distinct regions differ in structure and function: rough ER and smooth ER.
      • Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins destined for secretion or for use within other organelles; synthesizes membrane components.
      • Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxes drugs and poisons; stores calcium ions.
    • The ER is involved in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and calcium storage.

    Golgi Apparatus

    • Looks like flattened membrane sacs (cisternae) and vesicles surrounding the cisternae.
    • Not physically connected to the ER.
    • Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
    • Acts as a sorting station for proteins and lipids.

    Lysosomes

    • Specialized vesicles derived from the Golgi body.
    • Filled with hydrolytic enzymes that break down damaged or unneeded macromolecules.
    • Keeps pH around 5; optimal for enzymes to function.
    • Important to cellular digestion, and recycling.

    Vacuoles

    • Large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi.
    • Perform diverse functions, including storing nutrients, acting as lysosomes in some plants, and maintaining turgor pressure in plant cells.

    Mitochondria

    • Sites of cellular respiration.
    • Enclosed by two membranes; outer is smooth, inner is folded into cristae.
    • Inner membrane divides the mitochondrion into intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix, where enzymes, mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes are found.
    • Critical for producing ATP, the cell's energy currency.

    Chloroplasts

    • Capture sunlight energy to produce sugars via photosynthesis.
    • In plants and some other eukaryotes.
    • Enclosed by a double membrane, contains thylakoid membrane with grana and stroma space.

    Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (Endosymbiosis Theory)

    • Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free-living prokaryotic organisms.
    • These organisms were engulfed by a larger cell and developed a symbiotic relationship, becoming organelles inside of the cell.
    • Evidence supports this theory, including their double membranes, their having free ribosomes and circular DNA.

    Peroxisomes

    • Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane. Perform reactions to break down fatty acids and reduce reactive oxygen species.
    • Contain enzymes (catalase) to break down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is a byproduct of these processes.

    Other Topics

    • Specific pages were given to the endomembrane system and its component parts, like insulin and secretion, in more detail.
    • The functions and structures of plant and animal cells were outlined in diagram/image pages.

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    Biology 1 – Cells, Molecular Biology and Genetics (Biol 1000) PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the structure and function of organelles found in eukaryotic cells, particularly focusing on the differences between animal and plant cells. Answer questions about the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, ribosomes, and more to assess your understanding of cellular biology.

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