Biology Chapter on Cell Organelles
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Questions and Answers

Which organelle is responsible for the production of ATP, the main energy currency of the cell?

  • Mitochondria (correct)
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Ribosomes
  • Chloroplast

    • What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

  • Synthesize proteins
  • Produce energy
  • Control the passage of materials into and out of the cell (correct)
  • Capture light energy

    • What is the key difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and smooth ER?

  • Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface, while smooth ER does not. (correct)
  • Rough ER is found in plant cells, while smooth ER is found in animal cells.
  • Rough ER is involved in detoxification, while smooth ER is not.
  • Rough ER synthesizes lipids, while smooth ER synthesizes proteins.

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplasts?

    <p>Photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are ribosomes located within the cell?

    <p>Free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

    <p>Capturing light energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the folded inner membrane of mitochondria?

    <p>To increase surface area for energy production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nucleic acids in a cell?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in cellular respiration?

    <p>Photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell wall in plants?

    <p>Regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

    <p>Production of ATP (cellular energy) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an abiotic factor in an ecosystem?

    <p>Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration?

    <p>Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, Oxidative Phosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of active transport?

    <p>Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of enzymes in biological reactions?

    <p>Lowering activation energy for reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Breakdown of cellular waste and foreign substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of DNA?

    <p>Involved in protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the cell wall in plants?

    <p>Cellulose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

    <p>Creating ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between passive transport and active transport?

    <p>Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of a homozygous recessive offspring (aa) from two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa)?

    <p>25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of a symbiotic relationship in a mutualistic scenario?

    <p>Both organisms benefit from the relationship. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation is characterized by the insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide?

    <p>Point mutation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the circulatory system?

    <p>Lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a parasitic relationship?

    <p>Tapeworms in human intestines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

    <p>To transport nutrients, oxygen, and other substances throughout the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following dietary classifications is characterized by having a variety of tooth types?

    <p>Omnivores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a Punnett square in genetics?

    <p>To predict the outcomes of genetic crosses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of DNA enable its function in storing and transmitting hereditary information?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between DNA and RNA in terms of their structure and function?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of introns in a gene?

    <p>Introns are removed from the RNA transcript before protein synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hydrogen bonds play in DNA structure and function?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds hold together the nitrogenous bases in the double helix, ensuring stability and allowing for DNA replication and transcription. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT associated with meiosis?

    <p>Growth and repair of tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype?

    <p>Genotype determines the phenotype, meaning an organism's genes dictate its observable traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

    <p>Amino acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysosomes in maintaining cellular homeostasis?

    <p>Lysosomes break down cellular waste products and foreign materials. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sunlight in the rainforest biome?

    <p>It fuels the process of photosynthesis, driving plant growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the large amount of rainfall in the rainforest biome impact its biodiversity?

    <p>It creates a stable environment that promotes the development of diverse species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between trophic levels and food webs?

    <p>Trophic levels define the flow of energy through a food web. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?

    <p>Nitrogen ($N_2$) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the importance of the greenhouse effect?

    <p>It prevents excessive heat from escaping the Earth's atmosphere, making it habitable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Mitochondria

    Organelles known as the 'powerhouses' of the cell that produce ATP.

    Cellular Respiration

    The process by which cells convert nutrients into energy through four stages.

    ATP

    Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy currency of the cell.

    Nucleus

    The control center of the cell that stores genetic information and regulates activities.

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    Cell Wall

    A rigid outer layer of plant cells, providing support and protection.

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    Lysosomes

    Membrane-bound organelles that break down waste and foreign substances in cells.

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    Passive Transport

    Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient without energy input.

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    Active Transport

    The process requiring energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.

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    Plasma Membrane

    A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins controlling material passage in/out of cells.

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    Cellular Homeostasis

    Regulation process that maintains stable internal conditions in cells.

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    Chloroplasts

    Organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis, converting light to chemical energy.

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    Photosynthesis

    Process where chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy, producing oxygen.

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    Ribosomes

    Cellular structures that synthesize proteins from mRNA sequences.

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    Smooth ER

    Endoplasmic reticulum involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification, lacking ribosomes.

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    Sunlight

    An energy source necessary for photosynthesis in plants.

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    Rainforest Biome

    A biome with high temperatures and rainfall, rich in biodiversity and vegetation.

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    Trophic Level

    A group of organisms sharing the same energy source in a food chain or web.

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    Greenhouse Effect

    The trapping of heat by atmospheric gases, crucial for Earth's temperature regulation.

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    Canopy Layers

    Distinct layers in a rainforest from the forest floor to the emergent trees.

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    DNA

    Carries genetic information in a double helix structure; consists of nucleotides with deoxyribose, phosphate, and bases.

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    Gene

    A segment of DNA that codes for a protein or functional RNA, influencing traits and heredity.

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    Base Pairing

    Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine in DNA.

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    Meiosis

    Process producing gametes through two cell divisions, resulting in four haploid cells.

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    Mitosis

    Process resulting in two identical daughter cells; used for growth and repair.

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    Genotype

    An organism's genetic makeup or set of genes it carries.

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    Phenotype

    The observable traits of an organism influenced by its genotype.

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    Heterozygous Cross

    A genetic cross between two parents with different alleles (Aa x Aa) where one is dominant and the other is recessive.

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    Punnett Square

    A tool used to predict the genotype combinations of offspring from genetic crosses.

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    Mutation

    A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that can affect genetic information.

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    Types of Mutations

    Mutations can be point mutations, insertions, deletions, or chromosomal alterations that contribute to genetic diversity.

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    Effects of Mutations

    Mutations may be harmful, beneficial, or neutral, influencing genetic variation and evolution.

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    Symbiotic Relationships

    Interactions between two different species that can be mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism.

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    Types of Dietary Classifications

    Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat meat, and omnivores eat both.

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    Circulatory System

    The system that transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

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    Substrate Binding

    Enzyme's active site attaches to specific molecules to initiate a reaction.

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    Activation Energy

    Energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction to occur, which enzymes lower.

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    Product Release

    Enzyme releases altered molecules after a reaction and is ready for reuse.

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    Glycolysis

    The first step of cellular respiration where glucose is split into pyruvate in the cytoplasm.

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    Nucleic Acids

    Molecules that store and transmit genetic information in cells (DNA and RNA).

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    Ecosystem Factors

    Components of ecosystems, both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) that influence life.

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    Study Notes

    Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouse" of the cell
    • They produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
    • ATP is the main energy currency of the cell
    • Mitochondria are involved in cellular respiration.
    • Cellular respiration converts nutrients into energy
    • This process is essential for all cellular activities
    • Mitochondria have a unique double membrane structure
    • The inner membrane is folded to increase surface area for energy production

    The Plasma Membrane

    • The plasma membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer
    • It has embedded proteins
    • The membrane controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
    • This membrane acts as a selective barrier
    • This regulation is crucial for cellular homeostasis and proper functioning of the cell

    Chloroplasts

    • Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells
    • They are responsible for photosynthesis
    • Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy
    • Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll
    • Chlorophyll captures light energy
    • Chloroplasts have a complex internal structure of thylakoids
    • Photosynthesis is crucial for life on Earth
    • Photosynthesis produces oxygen and forms the base of food chains

    Ribosomes

    • Ribosomes synthesize proteins
    • Ribosomes translate messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences into polypeptide chains
    • Ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
    • Ribosomes consist of two subunits joined together during protein synthesis
    • Protein synthesis is essential for all cellular functions and structure

    The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

    • The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in lipid synthesis.
    • The smooth ER is also involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
    • The smooth ER plays a role in detoxification processes in liver cells.
    • The smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface

    Cellular Energy Production

    • Mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP, the primary energy currency of cells.
    • Cellular respiration is the process for generating mitochondria.
    • Cellular respiration involves four stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), the electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation.
    • During these stages, nutrients are converted into energy, carbon dioxide, and water, providing fuel for essential cellular processes.

    The Cell

    • The cell is the basic unit of life
    • Cells are capable of performing all life processes
    • Cells were first observed by Robert Hooke in 1665
    • Cells range from simple prokaryotes to complex eukaryotes with numerous organelles

    The Nucleus

    • The nucleus is responsible for storing genetic information and controlling cellular activities
    • The nucleus contains DNA in chromosomes
    • The nucleus has a double membrane that is called the nuclear envelope.
    • The nuclear envelope has pores for molecular transport.
    • The nucleus contains nucleoli for ribosome production

    The Plant Cell Wall

    • The plant cell wall is the rigid outer layer mainly composed of cellulose fibers.
    • The plant cell wall provides support and protection to plant cells, maintaining their shape and structure.
    • The plant cell wall allows plants to grow tall and resist environmental pressures.

    Cellular Transport Mechanisms

    • Passive transport occurs when molecules move down their concentration gradient without energy input.
    • Active transport requires energy input from the cell, typically in the form of ATP.
    • These transport mechanisms maintain proper cellular concentrations of substances essential for life.

    Lysosomes

    • Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down cellular waste and foreign substances.
    • Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain various digestive enzymes
    • Lysosomes play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and defending against pathogens

    DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

    • DNA carries genetic information.
    • DNA has a double helix structure
    • DNA consists of nucleotides containing deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases
    • DNA stores and transmitseditary information for the development and functioning of organisms.

    RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

    • RNA is a single-stranded molecule
    • RNA is involved in gene expression
    • RNA is involved in protein synthesis
    • RNA differs from DNA by the type of sugar (ribose), base (uracil in place of thymine)

    The Genetic Code

    • A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein or functional RNA molecule.
    • Genes consist of coding regions (exons) and non-coding regions (introns).
    • Genes determine an organism's traits and are the basic units of heredity.

    DNA Bonds

    • Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine in DNA.
    • Hydrogen bonds hold together nitrogenous bases in DNA's double helix structure.
    • These bonds allow DNA replication and transcription while maintaining stability.

    Meiosis

    • Meiosis produces gametes in sexually reproducing organisms.
    • It involves two cell divisions, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.
    • Meiosis ensures genetic diversity through crossing over and random assortment of chromosomes.

    Cellular Replication

    • Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells for growth and repair.
    • Meiosis produces four haploid gametes for sexual reproduction

    The Genetic Blueprint

    • Genotype: This refers to an organism's genetic makeup.
    • Phenotype: This describes the observable characteristics of an organism.
    • The genotype influences the phenotype, but environmental factors also play a role.

    Genetic Inheritance Patterns

    • A Punnett square is a tool to predict the outcome of genetic crosses—it helps visualize possible genotype combinations in the offspring from parents.
    • Mendelian Genetics principles form the foundation for our understanding of genetic inheritance.

    Genetic Variation

    • A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
    • Mutations can be point mutations, insertions, deletions, or chromosomal alterations
    • Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral, contributing to genetic diversity and evolution.

    Predicting Genetic Outcomes

    • A Punnett square is used to predict the outcome of genetic crosses.
    • It visually represents all possible combinations of alleles from the parents.

    Symbiotic Relationships

    • Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit.
    • Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.
    • Parasitism involves one organism benefiting at the expense of another.

    Dietary Classifications

    • Herbivores eat only plants
    • Carnivores primarily eat meat
    • Omnivores eat both plants and animals

    The Body's Transport System

    • The circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.
    • It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
    • This system is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and supporting all body functions.

    The Brain's Balance Center

    • The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain below the cerebral cortex.
    • The cerebellum controls balance and coordination of voluntary movements.
    • The cerebellum has a highly folded surface increasing its surface area for more neurons

    The Body's Framework

    • The skeletal system provides structural support to the body.
    • It protects vital organs like the brain and heart.
    • Bones in the skeletal system store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
    • Red bone marrow produces blood cells.

    The Body's Highways

    • Arteries carry blood away from the heart; they have thick elastic walls to withstand high pressure.
    • Veins return blood to the heart; they have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow.
    • Capillaries are tiny vessels that allow the exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and tissues.

    The Heart's Unique Muscle

    • Cardiac muscle is found in the heart, and it is involuntary and striated.
    • Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs that allow for coordinated contraction of heart cells.
    • Cardiac muscle pumps blood throughout the body continuously throughout life.

    The Body's Invisible Workers

    • Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs (blood vessels and intestines).
    • Smooth muscle lacks striations and is controlled involuntarily by the autonomic nervous system
    • Smooth muscle regulates internal organ functions such as digestion and blood flow.

    Kidney

    • The kidney filters waste from the blood to form urine.
    • The kidney maintains fluid balance and removes toxins from the bodies
    • The kidney functions include filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

    Red Blood Cells

    • The main function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen.
    • Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues throughout the body.
    • Red blood cells have a distinctive biconcave shape to maximize surface area for oxygen transport.

    Liver

    • The liver produces bile, aiding in the digestion and absorption of fats.
    • The liver is involved in metabolism and detoxification.
    • Bile is produced by liver cells from cholesterol and other components.
    • Bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder
    • Bile is released into the small intestine to emulsify fats

    Central Nervous System

    • The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system
    • The spinal cord processes information and coordinates responses throughout the body, working in tandem with the brain.
    • The spinal cord is a long, cylindrical bundle of nervous tissue extending from the brain.
    • The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body
    • The spinal cord is encased in vertebrae and surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid.

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body.
    • It facilitates gas exchange, bringing in oxygen while expelling carbon dioxide.
    • Processes involved include inhalation, alveolar exchange, and exhalation.

    Cell Membranes

    • Lipids form a bilayer that acts as a semipermeable membrane.
    • Lipids control what enters and exits the cell
    • Proteins within the membrane facilitate transport and communication

    Protein Building Blocks

    • Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins.
    • There are 20 different amino acids.
    • Amino acids link together to form polypeptide chains that fold into functional proteins.
    • The sequence of amino acids is determined by the genetic code and crucial for protein structure and function

    Cellular Energy

    • ATP is the primary source of energy for cellular processes.
    • ATP is used in muscle contraction and biochemical reactions.
    • ATP powers various biological functions.
    • ATP stores and releases energy through phosphate bond hydrolysis.

    Polysaccharides

    • Starch is a polysaccharide made up of glucose units.
    • Plants use starch for energy storage.
    • Amylose is a type of starch which is unbranched; amylopectin is branched.
    • Starch is a significant component of the human diet.

    Anabolism

    • Anabolism refers to biosynthetic reactions where smaller molecules are assembled into larger, complex molecules.
    • Energy input activates small molecules.
    • Enzymes facilitate the joining of smaller units; larger molecules contribute to cellular structures or storage.

    Carbohydrates-Dietary Energy Source

    • Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in the human diet.
    • Carbohydrates are easily broken down into glucose, fueling cellular respiration.
    • Simple carbs: Quick energy source, e.g., fruits, sugar
    • Complex carbs: Sustained energy release, e.g., whole grains, vegetables
    • Fiber: Indigestible carbs for gut health.

    Enzymes

    • Enzymes act as catalysts in biological systems.
    • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions without being consumed or altered permanently in the process.
    • Substrate binding involves an enzyme's active site attaching to specific molecules.
    • Reaction facilitation lowers activation energy for the given reaction
    • Product release occurs when altered molecules are released, and the enzyme is ready to be used again

    Organic Molecules

    • Carbon is present in all organic molecules.
    • Carbon forms the backbone of macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to produce ATP in the presence of oxygen, a crucial process for energy production in cells.
    • The process includes glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain with oxidative phosphorylation.

    Nucleic Acids

    • The main function of nucleic acids in the cell is to store genetic information to enable the functioning of the cell.
    • DNA and RNA transmit genetic data for protein synthesis and cellular function.
    • Double-stranded helix stores long-term genetic information (DNA).
    • Single-stranded molecule involved in gene expression and protein synthesis (RNA).

    Ecosystems

    • An ecosystem encompasses living and non-living components in an environment interacting as a system.
    • Abiotic factors are non-living components (e.g., water, sunlight, soil and temperature).
    • Biotic factors are living components (e.g., plants and animals)

    Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy.
    • This process uses carbon dioxide and water to create glucose and oxygen.
    • Steps include light absorption, water splitting, and carbon fixation

    Ecosystem Factors

    • Water is an abiotic factor in an ecosystem (nonliving component influencing living organisms).
    • Sunlight is an energy source for photosynthesis, while soil provides nutrients and support for plants.
    • Temperature affects metabolic rates and distributions of living organisms.

    Rainforest Biome

    • Rainforest biomes are characterized by consistently warm temperatures and high rainfall.
    • The rainforest biome has high biodiversity, home to millions of plant and animal species.
    • Distinct layers, canopy layers, in the forest range from the forest floor to the top of emergent trees

    Trophic Levels

    • A trophic level is a group of organisms sharing the same energy source.
    • Trophic levels are depicted in a food chain or web, showing producers and various consumer levels.

    Greenhouse Effect

    • The greenhouse effect occurs when gases in the atmosphere (carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor) trap heat from the sun, warming the Earth's surface.
    • The greenhouse effect is essential to keep the Earth at a habitable temperature.

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