Biology Chapter on Carbohydrates
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of carbohydrates in the human body?

  • Serving as the chief fuel molecule for energy metabolism (correct)
  • Acting as lubricants in joints
  • Forming the structural framework for tissues
  • Constituting components of nucleic acids

Which tissue relies almost exclusively on glucose as its fuel molecule?

  • Connective tissue
  • Erythrocytes (correct)
  • Adipose tissue
  • Muscle tissue

What do mucopolysaccharides primarily function as in the body?

  • Lubricants and supporting elements for connective tissues (correct)
  • Structural components of nucleic acids
  • Components of blood group substances
  • Intracellular messengers

How are carbohydrates typically stored when in excess in the body?

<p>As glycogen or starch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrate is a generic name for monosaccharides with three carbon atoms?

<p>Triose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important functional groups are structurally significant in carbohydrates?

<p>Hydroxyl group and carbonyl group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of carbohydrates in animal cells?

<p>Primary source of energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the empirical formula of carbohydrates?

<p>It is expressed as (CH₂O)n where n is 3 or greater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes glycosidic linkages in carbohydrates?

<p>They can involve free or non-reducing carbonyl groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common monosaccharide derivatives known for?

<p>Diverse occurrences beyond basic carbohydrate role (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes disaccharides?

<p>They consist of two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of monosaccharide units found in an oligosaccharide?

<p>Ten (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compounds can be classified as isomers based on the provided information?

<p>Glucose and fructose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond links monosaccharides in disaccharides and oligosaccharides?

<p>Glycosidic bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an oligosaccharide?

<p>Maltriose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the classification of monosaccharides?

<p>The number of carbon atoms and functional groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding disaccharides?

<p>They consist of two monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes polysaccharides among carbohydrates?

<p>They are formed from hundreds of monosaccharide units linked covalently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is false regarding the classification of carbohydrates?

<p>Disaccharides are the most complex form of carbohydrates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes aldoses from ketoses?

<p>The presence of a keto group versus an aldehyde group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What total number of stereoisomers can be formed from glyceraldehyde due to its asymmetric carbon atom?

<p>2 stereoisomers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between D and L forms of sugars?

<p>They are mirror images of each other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many asymmetric carbon atoms are present in glucose, and what does this allow for in terms of stereoisomers?

<p>4 asymmetric carbons allow for 16 stereoisomers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an asymmetric carbon on the properties of a molecule?

<p>It allows for different arrangements, leading to stereoisomerism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a sugar has the hydroxyl group on the left-hand side of its penultimate carbon, how is it classified?

<p>It belongs to the L-series. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pentoses is a component of RNA?

<p>Ribose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hexose is exclusively used for energy by red blood cells and brain tissue under normal conditions?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary storage form of glucose in animals?

<p>Glycogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property distinguishes ribose from deoxyribose?

<p>Presence of an additional hydroxyl group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to glucose, which of the following is a predominant hexose found in the human body?

<p>Mannose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the anomeric carbon in monosaccharide cyclic structures?

<p>It dictates the specific anomer, alpha or beta. (A), It is created during the formation of the cyclic structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes mutarotation?

<p>It refers to the process of spontaneous ring opening and reclosure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of glucopyranose, which anomer is favored at equilibrium?

<p>β-anomer at 63.6% prevalence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of an additional asymmetric carbon in cyclic forms of monosaccharides indicate?

<p>The sugar possesses different anomeric forms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily contributes to the interconversion between anomers of a sugar?

<p>The tendency of the ring structure to open and close spontaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond typically forms between oligosaccharides and proteins in glycoproteins?

<p>Glycosidic bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following monosaccharides is typically found at the ends of glycoprotein oligosaccharide chains?

<p>L-fucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid residues can be linked to oligosaccharides in the formation of glycoproteins?

<p>Serine and threonine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of glycoproteins as mentioned?

<p>Cell adhesion and recognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which acid sugar is often essential for the formation of glycosaminoglycans?

<p>Galacturonic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone is true?

<p>They are aldose-ketose isomers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of possible stereoisomers for glucose, which has four asymmetric carbon atoms?

<p>16 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes molecules that have identical chemical properties but different optical rotations?

<p>Enantiomers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes D-sugars from L-sugars in monosaccharides?

<p>The absolute configuration of the asymmetric carbon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about optical isomers?

<p>They always have different chemical properties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbon atom in glucose is classified as asymmetric?

<p>Carbons 2 through 5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does chirality specifically refer to in the context of sugars?

<p>The relationship of mirror image structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is common to optical isomers of a sugar?

<p>Identical chemical properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary criterion for ensuring the choices in a multiple-choice question are mutually exclusive?

<p>Each option must provide a distinct answer without overlap. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a well-constructed stem, what is the optimal way to present the problem?

<p>Phrase the question with clear significance and relevance to the content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the approach to writing distractors in a multiple-choice question?

<p>Distractors may represent common student misconceptions to test understanding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way to ensure the correct answer is clear and justifiable in a question?

<p>Ensuring the correct answer is explicitly stated in the stem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the 'info' section play in a multiple-choice question format?

<p>It delivers additional context for the question without referencing the main source. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Carbohydrates definition

Abundant organic molecules, primary energy source in animal cells, made by plants from CO2, H2O, & sunlight.

Carbohydrate empirical formula

Generally (CH₂O)ₙ, where n is 3 or greater. Some exceptions exist.

Carbohydrate structural features

Multiple hydroxyl groups (-OH) or a ketone group (-CO-), and a carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone).

Biological role of carbs

Primary energy source for animals, components of nucleic acids.

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Carbohydrate composition

Primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but can also contain nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus.

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Carbohydrates' role in energy

Carbohydrates are main energy source for various tissues, primarily glucose.

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Carbohydrate storage forms

Excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen or starch.

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Carbohydrate's additional roles

Besides providing energy, carbohydrates form components in nucleic acids, glycoproteins, and cell membranes.

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Mucopolysaccharides' function

Mucopolysaccharides are structural components forming tissues, lubricants & connective tissue support

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Triose structure

A 3-carbon sugar, either aldehyde (Glyceraldehyde) or ketone (Dihydroxyacetone).

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Monosaccharides

Simplest carbohydrates, 3-9 carbon atoms, building blocks.

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Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.

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Polysaccharides

Many monosaccharides linked, large structures.

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Glycosidic bond

Covalent bond linking monosaccharides in larger carbs.

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Aldose/Ketose

Monosaccharide classifications based on functional groups (aldehyde/ketone).

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Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down a molecule by adding a water molecule. In the context of carbohydrates, hydrolysis breaks disaccharides into individual monosaccharides.

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Oligosaccharide

A carbohydrate composed of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.

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Isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. For example, glucose and fructose have the same chemical formula (C₆H₁₂O₆) but different structures.

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Chiral carbon

A carbon atom bonded to four different groups, leading to stereoisomers.

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Stereoisomers

Molecules with same structural formula but different arrangements around asymmetric carbons.

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Optical activity

The ability of a molecule to rotate plane-polarized light.

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D-glucose

A sugar with its penultimate carbon having the same configuration as D-glyceraldehyde (hydroxyl group right).

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Enantiomers

Mirror image pairs of molecules with identical chemical properties but different optical rotations.

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D and L Sugars

Enantiomers are classified as D or L based on the configuration of their penultimate carbon, referring to the hydroxyl group being on the right (D) or left (L) side.

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D-Glyceraldehyde

The reference molecule for classifying sugars into the D-series. Its penultimate carbon has the hydroxyl group on the right side.

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L-Glyceraldehyde

The reference molecule for classifying sugars into the L-series. Its penultimate carbon has the hydroxyl group on the left side.

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Penultimate Carbon

The carbon atom next to the last carbon in a sugar molecule, used as a reference for D/L classification.

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Hexose

A six-carbon sugar like glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose.

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Pentoses

Five-carbon sugars, like ribose and deoxyribose, key parts of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA).

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Ribose

An aldopentose, a type of pentose, that forms RNA.

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Deoxyribose

A deoxy sugar, missing an oxygen atom compared to ribose, forms DNA.

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Anomeric carbon

The carbon atom that becomes asymmetric when a monosaccharide forms a cyclic structure. It arises from the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) in the linear form.

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Pyranose ring

A 6-membered cyclic structure formed by an aldose or ketose, most commonly seen in glucose. It has a similar structure to the molecule pyran.

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Furanose ring

A 5-membered cyclic structure formed by an aldose or ketose. Often seen in fructose and ribose.

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α-anomer

One of the two stereoisomers of a cyclic monosaccharide, where the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is in the same direction as the CH₂OH group on the terminal carbon.

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Mutarotation

The spontaneous interconversion between α and β anomers of a cyclic sugar in solution, due to ring opening and closing.

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Glycoprotein

A protein molecule with attached oligosaccharides (short chains of sugars).

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O-linked glycoprotein

A glycoprotein where the sugar is attached to the oxygen atom of a serine or threonine amino acid residue.

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N-linked glycoprotein

A glycoprotein where the sugar is attached to the nitrogen atom of an asparagine amino acid residue.

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Acid sugars

Sugars modified by the addition of a carboxyl group (-COOH).

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Glucuronic acid

An acid sugar formed by oxidizing the primary alcohol group of glucose.

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