Biology Chapter on Acids, Bases, and Proteins
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Questions and Answers

What is the basic structure that steroids are formed of?

  • Four interlocking rings (correct)
  • Single carbon ring
  • Three interlocking chains
  • A linear sequence of amino acids

Which of the following is NOT a component derived from cholesterol?

  • Bile salts
  • Vitamin C (correct)
  • Vitamin D
  • Some hormones

What defines a strong acid?

  • It accepts protons from bases.
  • It contains no hydroxyl ions.
  • It ionizes partially in water.
  • It ionizes completely in water. (correct)

How many amino acids are considered to be in a polypeptide?

<p>Less than 50 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the tertiary structure of proteins?

<p>A compact, ball-like structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do bases primarily release when dissolved in water?

<p>Hydroxyl ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a neutralization reaction?

<p>Formation of water and salt. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pH scale measure?

<p>Relative concentration of hydrogen ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of enzymes in biological reactions?

<p>Increase the rate of chemical reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pH value is considered neutral?

<p>7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about acidic solutions is correct?

<p>They have a pH below 7. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure results from the assembly of two or more polypeptide chains?

<p>Quaternary structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What suffix is commonly used in naming enzymes?

<p>-ase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are buffers primarily used for in biological systems?

<p>To regulate pH changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding weak acids?

<p>They only partially ionize in water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is primarily produced in a neutralization reaction?

<p>Salt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are triglycerides primarily composed of?

<p>Two types of fatty acids and one glycerol molecule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fatty acid is characterized by having only single covalent bonds?

<p>Saturated fatty acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of unsaturated fats at room temperature?

<p>They exist as liquid oils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about trans fats is true?

<p>They are formed through the process of hydrogenation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of phospholipids?

<p>They are hydrophilic and hydrophobic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids?

<p>Cold-water fish (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do saturated fats typically behave at room temperature?

<p>They exist as solids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do omega-3 fatty acids reportedly have on health?

<p>They lower the risk of heart disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding fatty acid chains in triglycerides?

<p>Saturated fats have straight chains (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of triglycerides in the body?

<p>Serving as a source of stored energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of DNA primarily organized around?

<p>Double-stranded helix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide?

<p>Amino acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sugar is found in RNA?

<p>Ribose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following base pairs is unique to RNA?

<p>Uracil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

<p>To carry instructions from DNA for protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) primarily used for?

<p>Providing chemical energy for cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three varieties of RNA mentioned?

<p>Messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are nucleotides primarily connected in DNA?

<p>By hydrogen bonds between bases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

<p>Contains thymine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs before cell division in relation to DNA?

<p>It is replicated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are acids?

Acids are electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. They are proton donors.

Strong vs. Weak Acids

Strong acids ionize completely in water, releasing all their hydrogen ions. Weak acids ionize incompletely, releasing fewer hydrogen ions.

What are bases?

Bases are electrolytes that release hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water. They are proton acceptors.

Neutralization Reaction

A neutralization reaction is a type of exchange reaction where an acid and a base react to form water (H2O) and a salt.

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pH Scale

The pH scale measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. It ranges from 0 to 14.

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What does pH measure?

pH measures the relative concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.

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Acidic vs. Basic

Acidic solutions have a pH below 7 and have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). Basic solutions have a pH above 7 and have a lower concentration of hydrogen ions (H+).

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Neutral pH

A neutral pH is 7. This means the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-).

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What are buffers?

Buffers are chemicals that help regulate pH changes in a solution.

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Lipids - general properties

Lipids are organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are insoluble in water but soluble in other lipids.

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Steroids

A class of organic compounds formed by four fused carbon rings and include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones.

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Cholesterol

A steroid that is essential for cell membranes and the production of other steroids. Some is ingested from animal products, but the liver also produces it.

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Polypeptides

Chains of amino acids with fewer than 50 amino acids in length.

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Proteins

Large, complex molecules made up of one or more chains of amino acids. They contain more than 50 amino acids in length.

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Primary Structure (protein)

The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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Secondary Structure (protein)

The arrangement of the polypeptide chain in space, including alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.

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Tertiary Structure (protein)

The three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, often compact and globular.

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Quaternary Structure (protein)

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) to form a functional protein.

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Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. They bind to substrates at their active site.

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What is the suffix often used to identify enzymes?

-ase. For example, hydrolases and oxidases.

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Triglycerides

A type of fat found in fat deposits. They provide stored energy and are made of fatty acids and glycerol.

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Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with only single bonds between carbon atoms. They are straight and solid at room temperature.

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Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Their chains kink and are liquid at room temperature. They are considered 'heart healthy'.

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Trans Fats

Unsaturated fats that have been solidified by adding hydrogen to their double bonds. They are unhealthy and increase the risk of heart disease.

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Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Essential fatty acids found in cold-water fish, flaxseeds, walnuts, and other sources. They have potential benefits for heart health.

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What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?

Saturated fats have only single bonds between carbon atoms, making them straight and solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond, creating kinks and making them liquid. Unsaturated fats are considered 'heart healthy'.

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What are phospholipids?

Important lipids that make up cell membranes. They have two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group, making them both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

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Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic substances repel water, while hydrophilic substances attract water. This is due to the interactions between their molecules.

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What does it mean for fat to be 'heart healthy'?

Some fats, like unsaturated fats, are considered 'heart healthy' because they have a lower risk of contributing to heart disease compared to unhealthy fats like trans fats.

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What's the main role of lipids in our bodies?

Lipids, including triglycerides, serve as the main energy storage in our bodies. They also form important structures like cell membranes.

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What are nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids are large biological molecules that store and transmit genetic information. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

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What are nucleotides?

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

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What are the nitrogenous bases?

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U) are the five nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids. They are responsible for pairing up DNA and RNA.

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What is DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material found in the nucleus of cells. It contains the instructions for building and operating the entire organism.

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What is RNA?

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a single-stranded molecule that carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis. It is created from a DNA template.

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What are the three types of RNA?

Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are the three main types of RNA. Each plays a specific role in protein synthesis.

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What is ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy currency of cells. It is made up of a nucleotide with three phosphate groups.

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How does ATP release energy?

ATP releases energy by breaking a high-energy phosphate bond. This process is called hydrolysis.

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What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA is a double-stranded helix that contains the sugar deoxyribose and the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. RNA is a single-stranded helix that contains the sugar ribose and the bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.

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What is the function of nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids are essential for storing, transmitting, and expressing genetic information. They are responsible for building and maintaining all living organisms.

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Study Notes

Inorganic Compounds

  • Acids are electrolytes that dissociate (ionize) in water, releasing hydrogen ions (H+).
  • Acids are proton (H+) donors.
  • HCl → H+ + Cl⁻ is an example.
  • Strong acids ionize completely, releasing all their protons.
  • Weak acids ionize incompletely.

Inorganic Compounds

  • Bases are electrolytes that dissociate (ionize) in water, releasing hydroxyl ions (OH⁻).
  • Bases are proton (H+) acceptors.
  • NaOH → Na⁺ + OH⁻ is an example.

Inorganic Compounds

  • Neutralization reactions are exchange reactions where acids and bases react to form water and a salt.
  • NaOH + HCl → H₂O + NaCl is an example.

Inorganic Compounds

  • pH measures the relative concentration of hydrogen (and hydroxide) ions in body fluids.
  • A pH scale of 0 to 14 is based on the number of protons in a solution.
  • Each successive change of 1 pH unit represents a tenfold change in H⁺ concentration.

Inorganic Compounds

  • Neutral pH is 7.
  • Neutral means that the number of hydrogen ions exactly equals the number of hydroxyl ions.
  • Acidic solutions have a pH below 7, more H⁺ than OH⁻.
  • Basic solutions have a pH above 7, fewer H⁺ than OH⁻ .
  • Buffers are chemicals that regulate pH changes.

Organic Compounds

  • Lipids are the most abundant triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
  • Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with carbon and hydrogen outnumbering oxygen.
  • Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in other lipids.

Organic Compounds

  • Triglycerides or neutral fats are found in fat deposits, serving as a source of stored energy.
  • Triglycerides are composed of two types of fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.
  • Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.

Organic Compounds

  • Saturated fatty acids contain only single covalent bonds, and exist as solids at room temperature.

  • Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double covalent bonds, creating kinks. They exist as oils at room temperature. Often considered "heart healthy."

Organic Compounds

  • Trans fats are oils solidified by adding hydrogen atoms at double bond sites.
  • Trans fats increase heart disease risk.

Organic Compounds

  • Omega-3 fatty acids are found in cold-water fish and certain plants like flax, pumpkin, chia seeds, and walnuts.
  • Omega-3 fatty acids appear to decrease heart disease risk.

Organic Compounds

  • Phospholipids contain two fatty acid chains (hydrophobic) and a phosphorus-containing polar head (hydrophilic).
  • The charged head interacts with water and ions, whereas the fatty acid chains do not interact.
  • Phospholipids form cell membranes.

Organic Compounds

  • Steroids are formed from four interconnected rings.
  • Cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones are examples of steroids.
  • Cholesterol is ingested from animal products and also produced by the liver.
  • Cholesterol is the basis for all steroids in the body.

Organic Compounds

  • Protein structure
  • Polypeptides contain fewer than 50 amino acids.
  • Proteins contain more than 50 amino acids.
  • Large and complex proteins contain 50 to thousands of amino acids.
  • The sequence of amino acids determines the protein's properties.

Organic Compounds

  • Structural levels of proteins:
  • Primary structure: is a strand of amino acid "beads"
  • Secondary structure: amino acid chains twist or bend into alpha helixes or beta-pleated sheets.
  • Tertiary structure: the compact, ball-like (globular) structure of the protein.
  • Quaternary structure: the combination of two or more polypeptide chains.

Organic Compounds

  • Enzymes act as biological catalysts, increasing the rate of chemical reactions.
  • Enzymes bind to substrates at an active site to catalyze reactions.
  • Enzymes' names often end with "-ase". Examples include hydrolase and oxidase.

Organic Compounds

  • Nucleic acids form genes, are composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms.
  • They are the largest biological molecules.
  • The two major types are DNA and RNA.

Organic Compounds

  • Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, each having three components:
    • A nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil).
    • A pentose (five-carbon) sugar.
    • A phosphate group.

Organic Compounds

  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the cell's genetic material.
  • DNA provides instructions for building proteins in the body.
  • DNA is a double-stranded helix, using complementary base pairing (A with T, and C with G).
  • DNA replicates before cell division.

Organic Compounds

  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis.
  • RNA is created from a DNA template, is a single-stranded helix, and uses the bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.
  • Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA are the three main types of RNA.

Organic Compounds

  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide used by all cells as a source of chemical energy.
  • ATP is made from ribose sugar, adenine, and three phosphate groups.
  • ATP releases energy when a high-energy phosphate bond breaks.
  • ATP is replenished by the oxidation of food fuels.

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Test your understanding of fundamental concepts in biology related to acids, bases, and proteins. This quiz covers topics such as the structure of steroids, amino acids in polypeptides, enzyme functions, and neutralization reactions. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge in biological sciences.

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