Biology Chapter on Acids, Bases, and Proteins
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Questions and Answers

What is the basic structure that steroids are formed of?

  • Four interlocking rings (correct)
  • Single carbon ring
  • Three interlocking chains
  • A linear sequence of amino acids

    • Which of the following is NOT a component derived from cholesterol?

  • Bile salts
  • Vitamin C (correct)
  • Vitamin D
  • Some hormones

    • What defines a strong acid?

  • It accepts protons from bases.
  • It contains no hydroxyl ions.
  • It ionizes partially in water.
  • It ionizes completely in water. (correct)

    • How many amino acids are considered to be in a polypeptide?

    <p>Less than 50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the tertiary structure of proteins?

    <p>A compact, ball-like structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do bases primarily release when dissolved in water?

    <p>Hydroxyl ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a neutralization reaction?

    <p>Formation of water and salt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pH scale measure?

    <p>Relative concentration of hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of enzymes in biological reactions?

    <p>Increase the rate of chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pH value is considered neutral?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about acidic solutions is correct?

    <p>They have a pH below 7.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure results from the assembly of two or more polypeptide chains?

    <p>Quaternary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What suffix is commonly used in naming enzymes?

    <p>-ase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are buffers primarily used for in biological systems?

    <p>To regulate pH changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding weak acids?

    <p>They only partially ionize in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is primarily produced in a neutralization reaction?

    <p>Salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are triglycerides primarily composed of?

    <p>Two types of fatty acids and one glycerol molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid is characterized by having only single covalent bonds?

    <p>Saturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of unsaturated fats at room temperature?

    <p>They exist as liquid oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about trans fats is true?

    <p>They are formed through the process of hydrogenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of phospholipids?

    <p>They are hydrophilic and hydrophobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids?

    <p>Cold-water fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do saturated fats typically behave at room temperature?

    <p>They exist as solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do omega-3 fatty acids reportedly have on health?

    <p>They lower the risk of heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding fatty acid chains in triglycerides?

    <p>Saturated fats have straight chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of triglycerides in the body?

    <p>Serving as a source of stored energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of DNA primarily organized around?

    <p>Double-stranded helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of a nucleotide?

    <p>Amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is found in RNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following base pairs is unique to RNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

    <p>To carry instructions from DNA for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) primarily used for?

    <p>Providing chemical energy for cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three varieties of RNA mentioned?

    <p>Messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are nucleotides primarily connected in DNA?

    <p>By hydrogen bonds between bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

    <p>Contains thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs before cell division in relation to DNA?

    <p>It is replicated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inorganic Compounds

    • Acids are electrolytes that dissociate (ionize) in water, releasing hydrogen ions (H+).
    • Acids are proton (H+) donors.
    • HCl → H+ + Cl⁻ is an example.
    • Strong acids ionize completely, releasing all their protons.
    • Weak acids ionize incompletely.

    Inorganic Compounds

    • Bases are electrolytes that dissociate (ionize) in water, releasing hydroxyl ions (OH⁻).
    • Bases are proton (H+) acceptors.
    • NaOH → Na⁺ + OH⁻ is an example.

    Inorganic Compounds

    • Neutralization reactions are exchange reactions where acids and bases react to form water and a salt.
    • NaOH + HCl → H₂O + NaCl is an example.

    Inorganic Compounds

    • pH measures the relative concentration of hydrogen (and hydroxide) ions in body fluids.
    • A pH scale of 0 to 14 is based on the number of protons in a solution.
    • Each successive change of 1 pH unit represents a tenfold change in H⁺ concentration.

    Inorganic Compounds

    • Neutral pH is 7.
    • Neutral means that the number of hydrogen ions exactly equals the number of hydroxyl ions.
    • Acidic solutions have a pH below 7, more H⁺ than OH⁻.
    • Basic solutions have a pH above 7, fewer H⁺ than OH⁻ .
    • Buffers are chemicals that regulate pH changes.

    Organic Compounds

    • Lipids are the most abundant triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
    • Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with carbon and hydrogen outnumbering oxygen.
    • Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in other lipids.

    Organic Compounds

    • Triglycerides or neutral fats are found in fat deposits, serving as a source of stored energy.
    • Triglycerides are composed of two types of fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.
    • Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.

    Organic Compounds

    • Saturated fatty acids contain only single covalent bonds, and exist as solids at room temperature.

    • Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double covalent bonds, creating kinks. They exist as oils at room temperature. Often considered "heart healthy."

    Organic Compounds

    • Trans fats are oils solidified by adding hydrogen atoms at double bond sites.
    • Trans fats increase heart disease risk.

    Organic Compounds

    • Omega-3 fatty acids are found in cold-water fish and certain plants like flax, pumpkin, chia seeds, and walnuts.
    • Omega-3 fatty acids appear to decrease heart disease risk.

    Organic Compounds

    • Phospholipids contain two fatty acid chains (hydrophobic) and a phosphorus-containing polar head (hydrophilic).
    • The charged head interacts with water and ions, whereas the fatty acid chains do not interact.
    • Phospholipids form cell membranes.

    Organic Compounds

    • Steroids are formed from four interconnected rings.
    • Cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones are examples of steroids.
    • Cholesterol is ingested from animal products and also produced by the liver.
    • Cholesterol is the basis for all steroids in the body.

    Organic Compounds

    • Protein structure
    • Polypeptides contain fewer than 50 amino acids.
    • Proteins contain more than 50 amino acids.
    • Large and complex proteins contain 50 to thousands of amino acids.
    • The sequence of amino acids determines the protein's properties.

    Organic Compounds

    • Structural levels of proteins:
    • Primary structure: is a strand of amino acid "beads"
    • Secondary structure: amino acid chains twist or bend into alpha helixes or beta-pleated sheets.
    • Tertiary structure: the compact, ball-like (globular) structure of the protein.
    • Quaternary structure: the combination of two or more polypeptide chains.

    Organic Compounds

    • Enzymes act as biological catalysts, increasing the rate of chemical reactions.
    • Enzymes bind to substrates at an active site to catalyze reactions.
    • Enzymes' names often end with "-ase". Examples include hydrolase and oxidase.

    Organic Compounds

    • Nucleic acids form genes, are composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms.
    • They are the largest biological molecules.
    • The two major types are DNA and RNA.

    Organic Compounds

    • Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, each having three components:
      • A nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil).
      • A pentose (five-carbon) sugar.
      • A phosphate group.

    Organic Compounds

    • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the cell's genetic material.
    • DNA provides instructions for building proteins in the body.
    • DNA is a double-stranded helix, using complementary base pairing (A with T, and C with G).
    • DNA replicates before cell division.

    Organic Compounds

    • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis.
    • RNA is created from a DNA template, is a single-stranded helix, and uses the bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.
    • Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA are the three main types of RNA.

    Organic Compounds

    • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide used by all cells as a source of chemical energy.
    • ATP is made from ribose sugar, adenine, and three phosphate groups.
    • ATP releases energy when a high-energy phosphate bond breaks.
    • ATP is replenished by the oxidation of food fuels.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of fundamental concepts in biology related to acids, bases, and proteins. This quiz covers topics such as the structure of steroids, amino acids in polypeptides, enzyme functions, and neutralization reactions. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge in biological sciences.

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