Biology Chapter - Molecular Structures and Prokaryotes

<p>Gravity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous synthesis of organic molecules, including amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absence of a nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contain complex internal membrane systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eubacteria and archaebacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaebacteria are found in more extreme environments than eubacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They live in hot, acidic environments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.6 to 5 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 to 1.5 billion years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of proteins and lipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Processing and sorting of proteins and lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It states that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulation of the passage of molecules into and out of the mitochondrion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inner membrane of mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport vesicles are involved in intracellular transport, while secretory vesicles are involved in transporting molecules outside the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rough ER is studded with ribosomes, while the smooth ER is not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a rigid layer composed of polysaccharides and peptides, providing structural support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of a cell wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The large and complex size of eukaryotic cells, requiring multiple evolutionary steps. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a single circular molecule located in the cytoplasm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic DNA is organized into multiple linear chromosomes, while prokaryotic DNA is a single circular molecule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are simpler than bacterial cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The organization of specific functions within membrane-bound organelles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria are involved in ATP production through oxidative metabolism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both organelles contain their own DNA, which is distinct from the nuclear genome of the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nucleus evolved from a large DNA virus that engulfed a bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provided cells with a more efficient way to utilize energy and allowed for the development of more complex metabolic pathways. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular respiration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are believed to have originated from bacteria through endosymbiosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The virus was able to control the host cell's genetic information more effectively by integrating with its nucleus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell provided the virus with a mechanism for gene translation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Louis Pasteur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular physiology and molecular biology are distinct fields, while physiology integrates both. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evolution of the cellular concept (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C4H7O2N1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A synthetic academic discipline encompassing multiple areas like classical physiology and molecular biology.

All living organisms are composed of cells, established by Schleiden and Schwann in 1838.

Cells consist mainly of six elements: C, O, H, N, Ca, and P, which account for 99% of their weight.

Virchow's 1848 theory stating that diseases arise from cellular abnormalities, marking the start of modern medicine.

Ehrlich's 1899 work that began the field of pharmacology focusing on cellular interactions with drugs.

The diameter of a hydrogen atom is 0.1 nm.

The diameter of DNA is 2 nm.

At nanoscale, intermolecular forces and surface tension dominate instead of gravity.

Smaller biological objects have larger resonance frequencies due to size inversely related to wavelength.

The average size of a eukaryotic cell is 10,000 nm (10 μm).

A network of membranes in eukaryotic cells involved in protein and lipid synthesis, as well as transport.

Part of the endoplasmic reticulum involved in protein synthesis, characterized by ribosomes on its surface.

Part of the endoplasmic reticulum involved in lipid synthesis without ribosomes on its surface.

Cell organelle that processes, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

Membrane-bound sacs that carry proteins or lipids from the ER to the Golgi apparatus.

Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, involved in energy transformation and cellular respiration.

Plant organelles that conduct photosynthesis; theorized to have originated from bacteria.

The theory proposing that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes that became symbiotic within eukaryotic cells.

A common bacterium found in the human intestine.

E. coli has a rigid cell wall and a plasma membrane.

E. coli's cell wall is made of polysaccharides and peptides.

The plasma membrane is a selective phospholipid bilayer.

Eukaryotes have complex intracellular compartmentalization.

Yeasts are simple unicellular eukaryotes more complex than bacteria.

A large, complex unicellular eukaryote capable of various tasks.

The origin of eukaryotes presents a major challenge in evolution.

The early atmosphere of Earth, thought to have minimal free oxygen, creating reducing conditions.

1950s experiments that showed organic molecules could form from simple gases using electrical sparks.

Monomers like amino acids polymerizing spontaneously under prebiotic conditions to form polymers.

The theory that self-replicating RNA molecules were the first genetic systems in early life.

The evolutionary development of prokaryotes that lasted 1 to 1.5 billion years.

A group of prokaryotes that thrive in extreme environments, such as hot sulfur springs.

The other group of prokaryotes distinct from archaebacteria, often found in more common environments.

The ability of macromolecules like nucleic acids to replicate themselves, vital for life.

The early life form from which present-day archaebacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes descended.

Theory that explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from bacteria through symbiotic relationships.

DNA contained within mitochondria and chloroplasts, distinct from nuclear DNA.

ATP synthesis evolved in three stages: glycolysis, photosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Theory suggesting the nucleus evolved from an RNA virus through gene acquisition from hosts.

Major direct source of metabolic energy for cellular processes.

Process by which chloroplasts convert sunlight into chemical energy.

A metabolic pathway that uses oxygen to produce ATP, occurring in mitochondria.

Bacteria that need oxygen for survival, believed to be the ancestors of mitochondria.