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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT considered a necessary life function?
Passive processes in membrane transport do NOT require what?
What is NOT a survival need for the human body?
Which type of tissue is responsible for covering and lining surfaces?
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What is the primary type of energy used in active transport processes?
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Which function is NOT associated with epithelial tissue?
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Which type of connective tissue is the least rigid?
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What form of energy is involved in moving objects?
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Which statement about the states of matter is incorrect?
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What element makes up the largest percentage of the human body mass?
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Which of the following factors does NOT increase the rate of chemical reactions?
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What type of energy is stored in the bonds of substances?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of connective tissue?
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How does particle size affect the kinetic energy and movement of particles?
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What distinguishes inorganic compounds from organic compounds?
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Which joint type allows for the greatest range of motion?
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Which of the following is NOT a basic type of muscle found in the body?
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What role do catalysts play in chemical interactions?
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Which of the following joints is classified as a plane joint?
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Which of these is an example of an inorganic compound?
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What type of muscle is primarily responsible for rapid and involuntary contractions?
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What occurs during depolarization of the muscle cell?
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Which statement accurately describes the role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in muscle contraction?
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What is the role of a synergist in muscle movement?
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Which rule is NOT a part of the five golden rules of skeletal muscle activity?
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What happens after a single nerve impulse in muscle fibers?
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What structure is responsible for the contraction of smooth muscle?
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Which characteristic is unique to cardiac muscle compared to skeletal and smooth muscle?
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What is a key factor that causes muscle relaxation after contraction?
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What occurs during the power stroke of the cross bridge cycle?
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Which type of muscle contraction is characterized by muscle filaments attempting to slide but not shortening?
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How can graded responses in skeletal muscle be achieved?
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What is the main effect of aerobic exercise on muscles?
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What defines muscle tone?
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Which statement about the sodium-potassium pump is accurate?
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What happens to individual muscle fibers during resistance exercise?
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In the context of muscle contractions, what does the term 'graded response' imply?
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Study Notes
Maintaining Life
- Maintaining boundaries: The internal environment remains distinct from the external environment.
- Movement: Includes both external and internal movement.
- Responsiveness: Ability to react to stimuli.
- Digestion: Breakdown of food substances.
- Metabolism: All chemical reactions in the body.
- Excretion: Elimination of waste products.
- Reproduction: Production of new cells or organisms.
- Growth: Increase in size.
Survival Needs
- Nutrients: Used for energy and cell building.
- Oxygen: Required for chemical reactions.
- Water: Most abundant chemical in the body.
- Normal body temperature: Essential for chemical reactions.
- Atmospheric pressure: Needed for breathing.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite external changes.
- It is important for maintaining normal body function.
Anatomical Position
- Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward.
- Important for directional terms, referring to the body.
Body Cavities
- Dorsal Body Cavity: Contains the brain and spinal cord.
- Ventral Body Cavity: Contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Plasma Membrane
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
- Controls what enters and exits the cell.
Cell Structure
- Nucleus: Contains DNA, the cell's genetic material.
- Cytoplasm: The fluid inside the cell, where the organelles reside.
- Organelles: Specialized structures that perform specific functions within the cell.
Membrane Transport
- Passive processes: Movement of substances across the membrane without cellular energy input.
- Active processes: Movement of substances across the membrane requiring cellular energy input.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
- An active transport mechanism that pumps sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell.
- Important for maintaining cell membrane potential.
Body Tissues
- Epithelial tissue: Covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.
- Connective tissue: Supports and protects, binds together tissues.
- Muscle tissue: Responsible for movement.
- Nervous tissue: Transmits impulses.
Connective Tissue
- Bone: Most rigid connective tissue.
- Cartilage: Supporting tissue with a flexible matrix.
- Dense connective tissue: Strong, fibrous tissue found in tendons and ligaments.
- Loose connective tissue: Contains more cells with less dense matrix.
- Blood: Fluid connective tissue.
Matter and Energy
- Matter: Anything that takes up space and has mass.
- Energy: The ability to do work.
- Kinetic energy: Energy in motion.
- Potential energy: Stored energy.
Forms of Energy
- Chemical energy: Stored within bonds of molecules.
- Electrical energy: Movement of charged particles.
- Mechanical energy: Energy associated with movement.
- Radiant energy: Energy that travels in waves.
Composition of Matter
- Elements: Fundamental units of matter.
- 96% of the body is made from four elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
- Atoms: Smallest unit of an element.
- Molecules: Two or more atoms joined together.
- Compounds: Two or more different atoms joined together.
Inorganic Compounds
- Lack carbon.
- Tend to be small and simple molecules.
- Include water, salts, and many acids and bases.
Organic Compounds
- Contain carbon.
- Large, covalent molecules.
- Include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Bone Markings
- Surface features that serve as points of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments, or mark the passage of blood vessels and nerves.
Synovial Joints
- Freely movable joints that contain synovial fluid.
- Types: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket.
Skeletal Muscles
- Responsible for all types of body movement.
- Types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
Skeletal Muscle Activity
- Five golden rules of skeletal muscle activity:
- All skeletal muscles cross at least one joint.
- The bulk of a skeletal muscle lies proximal to the joint crossed.
- All skeletal muscles have at least two attachments: the origin and the insertion.
- Skeletal muscles can only pull; they never push.
- During contraction, a skeletal muscle insertion moves toward the origin.
Interactions of Skeletal Muscles
- Prime mover/agonist: The muscle primarily responsible for a movement.
- Antagonist: The muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover.
- Synergist: The muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement or reduces undesirable movements.
- Fixator: Specializes synergists that hold a bone still or stabilize the origin of a prime mover.
Motor Units
- Consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates.
Events at the Neuromuscular Junction
- Motor neuron releases acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter, which diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the sarcolemma.
- Sodium ions enter the muscle cell, causing depolarization and generating an action potential.
- Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh, ending the muscle contraction.
The Cross Bridge Cycle
- A series of events that allow muscle contraction to occur.
- Steps: cross bridge formation, the power stroke, cross bridge detachment, reactivation of myosin head.
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
- Graded responses are different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening.
- Muscle fiber contraction is “all-or-none.”
- Graded responses can be produced by changing the frequency or number of muscle cells being stimulated.
Types of Muscle Contractions
- Isotonic: Muscle shortens and movement occurs (“same tone”).
- Isometric: Muscle tension increases without muscle shortening (“same measurement / length”).
Muscle Tone
- State of continuous partial contractions.
- Results from different motor units being stimulated in a systematic way.
Effect of Exercise on Muscles
- Aerobic exercise: Strengthens, more flexible, and more resistant to fatigue.
- Resistance exercise: Increases muscle size and strength - individual muscle fibers enlarge.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the essential processes that sustain life, including movement, metabolism, and homeostasis. This quiz covers key survival needs and anatomical position concepts in biology. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these fundamental biological principles.