Biology Chapter: Genetics and Evolutionary Processes

Questions and Answers

What is the evolutionary process that favors individuals of a species that are best able to survive and reproduce?

Genetic drift

Gene flow

Natural selection (correct)

Mutation

According to Paul Baltes, the benefits conferred by evolutionary selection remain the same over the life span.

True

What term refers to the bidirectional view of evolutionism supported by Albert Bandura?

environmental and biological conditions influence each other.

What are the units of hereditary information that direct cells to reproduce and assemble proteins?

genes Signup and view all the answers

How many paired chromosomes do all cells in the human body have, except sperm and egg?

23 paired chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical female chromosome pattern?

XX Signup and view all the answers

A phenotype consists of which characteristics?

physical and psychological characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the complete set of instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism?

genome Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic disorder is caused by an extra chromosome?

Down syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of these syndromes is not sex-linked?

phenylketonuria Signup and view all the answers

What is a genetic disorder that impairs the body's red blood cells?

Sickle-cell anemia Signup and view all the answers

Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg are called?

identical twins Signup and view all the answers

Adoption studies are designed to test the different effects of?

environment and heredity Signup and view all the answers

What example illustrates an active genotype-environment correlation?

Mary begs her parents to allow her to take piano lessons. Signup and view all the answers

What do behavior geneticists refer to the interaction where parents provide an environment that encourages hereditary traits?

Passive genotype-environment interaction Signup and view all the answers

What is a fertilized ovum called?

zygote Signup and view all the answers

The period of prenatal development that occurs in the first two weeks after conception is called the _______ period.

germinal Signup and view all the answers

What develops into the digestive and respiratory systems in the embryo?

endoderm Signup and view all the answers

On average, the fetal period of prenatal development lasts for?

7 months Signup and view all the answers

What does amniocentesis involve?

drawing a sample of the fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb Signup and view all the answers

Which prenatal medical procedure involves high-frequency sound waves directed into a pregnant woman's abdomen?

Ultrasound sonography Signup and view all the answers

During which stage are organs and tissues in an unborn baby most vulnerable to environmental changes?

organogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a teratogen?

environmental factor that produces birth defects Signup and view all the answers

What can exposure to teratogens during the fetal period cause?

problems in the way organs function. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a psychoactive drug?

Alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of babies born to women who smoke during their pregnancies?

low birth weight Signup and view all the answers

What blood test should women planning to have children take before pregnancy?

Rubella Signup and view all the answers

When does a woman experience an at-risk pregnancy?

she has a negative Rh factor and her partner has a positive Rh factor. Signup and view all the answers

What can a lack of folic acid in a pregnant woman's diet result in?

spina bifida Signup and view all the answers

Regarding parental factors that influence pregnancy, which statement is most accurate?

A baby with Down syndrome is rarely born to a mother under the age of 30. Signup and view all the answers

How can maternal stress affect the fetus?

Increased risk of prematurity Signup and view all the answers

How many stages are there in the birthing process?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs within the fetus during the birthing process?

Secretion of large quantities of hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complication of delivery?

Toxoplasmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a doula?

caregiver who helps a woman throughout childbirth Signup and view all the answers

Which is a synthetic hormone used to stimulate contractions during the birthing process?

Oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

Cesarean deliveries are safer than breech deliveries.

True Signup and view all the answers

Infants born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached full-term are referred to as?

preterm infants Signup and view all the answers

What does a score of 3 on the Apgar Scale indicate for a newborn?

is responding well to the stress of delivery and the new environment Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment tool was developed to assess the at-risk infant who is preterm and/or substance-exposed?

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Evolutionary Processes

Natural selection favors individuals best suited for survival and reproduction.
Paul Baltes posits that evolutionary selection benefits remain constant throughout life.

Genetic Foundations

Genes serve as units of hereditary information, instructing cell reproduction and protein assembly.
All human body cells, except sperm and egg, contain 23 paired chromosomes.
Female chromosome pattern is designated as XX.
A phenotype reflects an individual's physical and psychological traits.

Genetic Disorders

Down syndrome is characterized by an extra chromosome.
Phenylketonuria is not sex-linked.
Sickle-cell anemia affects the body’s red blood cells.

Twin Development

Identical twins originate from a single fertilized egg, resulting in genetically identical individuals.

Environmental Interactions

Adoption studies assess the relative influence of environment and heredity.
Active genotype-environment correlation occurs when an individual's environment supports natural talents.
Passive genotype-environment interaction describes how parents influence their children's genetic predispositions through environmental opportunities.

Prenatal Development

A fertilized ovum is termed a zygote, with the germinal period encompassing the first two weeks post-conception.
The endoderm layer of an embryo develops into the digestive and respiratory systems.
The fetal period lasts approximately seven months on average.

Prenatal Medical Procedures

Amniocentesis involves sampling amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus.
Ultrasound sonography uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the fetus.
Organogenesis marks a critical period when organs are most vulnerable to environmental factors.

Teratogens

Teratogens are environmental agents that can cause birth defects and can affect organ functionality.
Common teratogens include substances like alcohol, leading to low birth weight in exposed infants.

Maternal Health

Women should confirm their immunity to rubella through blood tests prior to conception.
An at-risk pregnancy can arise from incompatible Rh factors between parents.
Folic acid deficiency in pregnant women can result in conditions like spina bifida.

Parental Influences

Babies with Down syndrome are less likely to be born to mothers under 30 years of age.
Maternal stress elevates the risk of prematurity in infants.

Birthing Process

The birthing process is comprised of three distinct stages.
During childbirth, fetuses secrete hormones to cope with delivery stress.
Complications like toxoplasmosis can occur during delivery.

Support and Delivery Methods

A doula provides support throughout the childbirth process.
Oxytocin is a synthetic hormone that aids in stimulating labor contractions.
Cesarean deliveries are generally safer than delivering a breech baby.

Infant Classification

Preterm infants are classified as those born three weeks or more before full-term pregnancy.
Apgar scores assess newborn health; a score of 3 indicates an adequate response to delivery stress.
The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale evaluates at-risk preterm or substance-exposed infants.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the fascinating world of genetics and evolutionary processes with this quiz. Dive into concepts such as natural selection, genetic disorders, and the implications of heredity in development. Test your knowledge on how genes influence physical and psychological traits, and the role of environment in shaping individuals.