Biology Chapter: Eukaryotic Organisms & Evolution
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following characteristics is associated with eukaryotic organisms?

  • DNA in a circular form
  • Presence of membrane-bound organelles (correct)
  • Always unicellular
  • No nucleus

What is one of the main groups within the domain Eukarya?

  • Fungi (correct)
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Viruses

Which organisms are considered autotrophic within the domain Eukarya?

  • Protists
  • Animals
  • Plants (correct)
  • Fungi

Which of the following statements about the size of eukaryotic cells is accurate?

<p>Eukaryotic cells are generally larger, ranging from 10 to 100 µm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reproduction methods can eukaryotic organisms utilize?

<p>Either sexual or asexual reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does natural selection primarily depend on?

<p>Competition for limited resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do variations play in evolution according to natural selection?

<p>Variations are essential for adaptation and survival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key observation that supports natural selection?

<p>Some traits improve an individual's survival chances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about heritable variations is true?

<p>Heritable variations are essential for the success of natural selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of individuals having advantageous traits in natural selection?

<p>They have a higher likelihood of survival and reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of evolution primarily propose?

<p>Species evolve through genetic changes over generations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who primarily proposed the theory of evolution?

<p>Charles Darwin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the key publication on evolution released?

<p>1859 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a key component of the theory of evolution?

<p>Species evolve through genetic changes over generations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of biological evolution?

<p>Species evolve through genetic change over generations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of natural selection favors average characteristics and eliminates extremes?

<p>Stabilizing Selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the three-domain system of classification for living beings?

<p>Carl Woese (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of natural selection is characterized by favoring one extreme of a trait spectrum?

<p>Directional Selection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major groups into which living beings are classified in the three-domain system?

<p>Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Disruptive selection is best described as favoring what at the expense of average characteristics?

<p>Both extremes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is essential for protein synthesis and forms the basis of the three-domain system classification?

<p>ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of natural selection would you expect to see a reduction in the frequency of traits that are average?

<p>Disruptive Selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about stabilizing selection is true?

<p>It is beneficial for survival by favoring average traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the three-domain system reveal about the relationships among organisms?

<p>There is a deeper separation than between plants and animals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What scientific method was primarily responsible for the development of the three-domain system?

<p>Genetic analysis of rRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism of evolution involves random modifications to DNA?

<p>Mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is characterized by the introduction of new genes into a population?

<p>Migration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes random changes in gene frequencies, particularly in small populations?

<p>Genetic drift (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection leads to which of the following outcomes?

<p>Survival based on better adaptation to the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not constitute a mechanism of evolution?

<p>Ecological succession (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central element in biology that explains how species change over time?

<p>Natural selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Darwin define evolution?

<p>Descent with modification. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the idea of 'descent with modification' imply about species?

<p>Species change and give rise to new species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory of evolution, what do all species share?

<p>A common ancestor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Theodosius Dobzhansky's quote suggest about the role of evolution in biology?

<p>Evolution provides a crucial framework for understanding biology. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What driving factor contributed to the increase of carbon dioxide release during the industrial revolution?

<p>Combustion of fossil fuels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does carbon dioxide have on the Earth's atmosphere?

<p>It acts like a barrier trapping heat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the carbon dioxide generated by human activities is retained in the atmosphere?

<p>Half (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which century did the industrial revolution take place?

<p>19th century (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the gases released into the atmosphere due to fossil fuel combustion?

<p>Increased global warming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are scientific methods primarily used for in biology?

<p>To explore, understand, and explain natural phenomena (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of scientific methods in biology?

<p>To develop hypotheses to explore living organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do scientific methods facilitate the study of living organisms?

<p>Through rigorous and structured procedures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about scientific methods is accurate?

<p>They provide a systematic approach to understand biological processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical aspect of scientific methods in the study of biology?

<p>They rely on rigorous and organized procedures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are prokaryotes?

Organisms like bacteria and archaea that lack a nucleus, are typically smaller than eukaryotes, and have a simpler internal structure.

What are eukaryotes?

Organisms with a nucleus, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists. They are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotes.

What are fungi?

A type of eukaryote that can be unicellular or multicellular and includes organisms like yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.

What are protists?

A type of eukaryote that can be unicellular or multicellular and includes organisms like algae, amoebas, and paramecia.

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What is the three-domain system?

The three-domain system classifies life based on fundamental cellular differences, recognizing the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The three Domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

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Stabilizing Selection

Natural selection that favors individuals with traits closest to the average of the population.

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Directional Selection

Natural selection that favors one extreme of a trait spectrum, shifting the population toward that extreme.

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Disruptive Selection

Natural selection that favors both extremes of a trait spectrum, leading to the divergence of the population.

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Natural Selection

A process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those traits.

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Trait Spectrum

The range of variations of a trait within a population.

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Three-Domain System

A method of classifying living beings based on genetic relationships, particularly ribosomal RNA sequences.

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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A molecule essential for protein synthesis found in all cells. Differences in its sequence reveal evolutionary relationships between organisms.

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Archaea

One of the three domains in the three-domain system. They are single-celled prokaryotes known for their ability to thrive in extreme environments.

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Bacteria

One of the three domains in the three-domain system. They are single-celled prokaryotes, widely found in various environments.

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Eukaryotes

One of the three domains in the three-domain system. They are organisms whose cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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What is natural selection?

The process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully, passing those advantageous traits to their offspring.

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What are heritable variations?

Variations in characteristics within a species that can be inherited by offspring, providing the raw material for natural selection.

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What is resource limitation?

The struggle for resources like food, water, and shelter, which drives the competition for survival and influences natural selection.

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What are advantageous traits?

Traits that increase an organism's chance of survival and reproduction in a given environment.

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What is the theory of evolution by natural selection?

Darwin and Wallace's idea, explaining how populations of organisms change over time through natural selection, leading to evolution.

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Mutation

A random change in an organism's DNA sequence. This change can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

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Migration (Genetic Flux)

The transfer of genetic material between populations. This can introduce new genes or change the frequency of existing genes.

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Genetic Drift

Random changes in the frequency of genes within a population. This is more likely to occur in small populations.

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Evolution

The process of adapting to a changing environment. It involves changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time.

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What is biological evolution?

A theory explaining how species change over time through generations, driven by changes in their genetic makeup.

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Who proposed the theory of evolution?

A renowned naturalist who is largely credited for proposing the theory of evolution.

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What is On the Origin of Species?

A book published in 1859 that outlined the theory of evolution by natural selection, contributing greatly to our understanding of the diversity of life on Earth.

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What is heredity?

The passing of traits from parents to their offspring through genes. It is the mechanism that drives biological evolution.

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Descent with Modification

The idea that species change over time, giving rise to new species, and share a common ancestor. Darwin's famous quote.

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Theory of Evolution

A central concept in biology that explains how species change and adapt over time. This theory is supported by a vast amount of evidence.

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Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.

A phrase emphasizing the importance of evolution in understanding all aspects of biology. This concept is so fundamental that without it, we can't make sense of life's complexity.

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What are scientific methods?

Scientific methods offer a structured approach to explore and understand natural phenomena, relying on rigorous procedures and testing of hypotheses to gain knowledge.

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Why are scientific methods important in Biology?

In biology, scientific methods are essential for studying living organisms, their interactions with the environment, and the processes that govern life.

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What is a scientific hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a testable prediction or explanation for an observation, serving as a starting point for scientific investigation. It must be falsifiable, meaning it can be proven wrong through experimentation.

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Explain the steps of the scientific method.

The scientific method involves a systematic process of observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion drawing. This iterative process allows for refinement of knowledge based on evidence.

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What are some examples of scientific methods in Biology?

In biology, scientific methods can be used to investigate various aspects of life, including studying the behavior of animals, understanding the mechanisms of disease, and exploring the biodiversity of ecosystems.

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Greenhouse effect

The process by which certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun, leading to a warming effect on Earth.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2)

A major driver of climate change, this gas is released through burning fossil fuels and other human activities.

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Impact of the Industrial Revolution

The industrial revolution, marked by increased fossil fuel combustion, led to a significant rise in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.

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Global warming

The gradual increase in Earth's average temperature due to the enhanced greenhouse effect, primarily caused by human activities.

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Climate change

The ongoing changes in global climate patterns due to the increasing greenhouse effect, leading to various effects like extreme weather events and rising sea levels.

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