Questions and Answers
The process of excreting or removing undigested and unabsorbed food components from the body is called:
Describe the main difference between peristalsis and segmentation.
Peristalsis consists of waves of contractions that move food forward, while segmentation moves food back and forth for mixing and breakdown.
Peristalsis is repeated waves of contractions of circular muscles which prevent food from moving backward in the esophagus, but segmentation in the small and large intestines shifts food back and forth along the intestinal walls.
True
Explain the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion.
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Whole foods must first be broken down into________ that can be absorbed into the body's cells.
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The LES contracts to prevent stomach contents from returning to the:
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The ________ lining's goblet cells and gastric pits or ducts secrete a variety of critical digestive juices.
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Healthy villi are longer than the villi which are characteristic of persons with celiac disease.
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The chemical and mechanical processes by which the body breaks food down into individual nutrient molecules are called:
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To prepare the food mass for ________, water is removed from undigested food residue.
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When the food you eat reaches your stomach, endocrine glands release gastric hormones to signal the rest of the GI tract to prepare for digestion.
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Gastric pits, parietal and chief cells, and the submucosa are found in the:
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The fingerlike projections which line the small intestine increase the surface area to maximize absorption and help mix the partially digested chyme with intestinal secretions are:
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The enteric nervous system is a network of nerves embedded in the wall of the GI tract. It functions both autonomously and in collaboration with the central nervous system and other nervous system branches to achieve GI functions.
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A mixture of water, mucus, enzymes, and other chemicals is called:
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When the food you eat reaches your stomach, endocrine glands release gastric hormones to signal the rest of the GI tract to prepare for digestion.
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What do the pancreas produce?
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What else does the pancreas do for blood sugar?
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Wavelike muscular contractions throughout the GI tract propel food and liquid forward by the coordinated action among muscles, nerves, and hormones in the GI tract.
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The process of moving nutrients from the GI tract into the circulatory system is called:
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How does the circulatory system work to provide body cells with nutrients?
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Villi are located in the:
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Fat-soluble vitamins and long-chain fatty acids are transported via the lymphatic system, and eventually drain into the subclavian vein.
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The lymphatic system of interconnected vessels contains lymph fluid in which fat-soluble nutrients are carried; it also includes bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other tissues and organs that produce and store defensive cells.
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Water-soluble and fat-soluble nutrients are transported from the lymph capillaries through the lymphatic vessels and eventually arrive at the thoracic duct.
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Study Notes
Excretion and Elimination
- The process of removing undigested food components is called elimination.
Digestion Processes
- Peristalsis involves sequential waves of muscle contractions, pushing food forward from the esophagus to the stomach, slower in the stomach for mixing with gastric juices.
- Segmentation involves back-and-forth movements that aid in breaking down food and increasing contact with intestinal secretions.
Mechanical vs. Chemical Digestion
- Mechanical digestion includes physical actions like chewing and movement via peristalsis, while chemical digestion involves enzymatic breakdown of food.
- Both types work together to prepare food for absorption.
Nutrient Absorption
- Whole foods must be broken down into nutrients for absorption into body cells.
- Villi in the small intestine increase surface area for maximum absorption of nutrients.
Gastrointestinal Hormones
- Endocrine glands release gastric hormones upon food entering the stomach, preparing the GI tract for digestion.
Structural Components
- The stomach contains gastric pits, parietal and chief cells, crucial for digestive processes.
- Goblet cells in the stomach lining secrete mucus and digestive juices.
Nervous System and Digestion
- The enteric nervous system operates independently but also coordinates with the central nervous system for GI functions.
Pancreas Functions
- The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugar by releasing insulin and glucagon.
Nutrient Transport
- Absorption is the process of transporting nutrients from the GI tract into the circulatory system.
- Enterocytes in the small intestine's villi trap and absorb nutrients, releasing them into blood and lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic System Role
- Fat-soluble vitamins and long-chain fatty acids are transported via the lymphatic system before entering the bloodstream.
- The lymphatic system includes vessels, nodes, and bone marrow associated with immune functions.
Nutrient Transport Accuracy
- Water-soluble nutrients travel through blood capillaries, while fat-soluble nutrients enter the lymphatic system.
Miscellaneous Facts
- Healthy villi are longer than those found in individuals with celiac disease.
- Muscular contractions in the GI tract are coordinated by muscles, nerves, and hormones to propel food and liquid forward.
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Description
Explore the fascinating processes of digestion with this quiz focusing on elimination and the differences between peristalsis and segmentation. Test your knowledge on essential terms and concepts related to how the body processes food. Perfect for students studying biology or anyone interested in human physiology.
