D1.1 - The Molecules of Living Systems
34 Questions
64 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

  • To provide insulation
  • To aid in digestion
  • To provide energy (correct)
  • To store genetic information

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by the combination of two simple sugars?

  • Monosaccharide
  • Polysaccharide
  • Oligosaccharide
  • Disaccharide (correct)

What determines the final shape of a protein?

  • The length of the protein chain
  • The type of amino acids present
  • The interaction and arrangement of R-groups (correct)
  • The temperature of the surrounding environment

Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for building body tissues and supporting immunity?

<p>Proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a monosaccharide?

<p>It contains 3-7 carbon atoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process connects monomers to form carbohydrates?

<p>Dehydration synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes vitamins?

<p>Organic compounds that help enzymes function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two structural components of fats?

<p>Glycerol and fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>Saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide is known to be difficult for the human body to break down?

<p>Cellulose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of minerals within the body?

<p>To assist with chemical reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipid remains solid at room temperature?

<p>Saturated fatty acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which form do animals primarily store carbohydrates?

<p>Glycogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following is keratin primarily involved?

<p>Structural support in nails and hair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lipids in the body?

<p>Long-term energy storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are carbohydrates primarily found?

<p>Plant-based foods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carbohydrates that are not immediately used by the body?

<p>They are stored as glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process converts unsaturated fats into saturated fats?

<p>Hydrogenation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do proteins NOT primarily provide for our cells?

<p>Energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bonds connect amino acids in proteins?

<p>Peptide bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many amino acids are essential and must be obtained through diet?

<p>8 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of inhibitors in enzymatic reactions?

<p>To reduce the enzyme's ability to bond to a substrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do competitive inhibitors function in enzymatic reactions?

<p>By blocking the active site and competing with the substrate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes non-competitive inhibitors?

<p>They change the shape of the enzyme without binding at the active site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of enzymes as protein catalysts?

<p>They lower activation energy and allow reactions to proceed at body temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to enzyme activity as more product is created by an enzymatic reaction?

<p>Enzyme activity decreases as product binds to the active site (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an enzyme primarily classified as?

<p>A protein catalyst (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model describes how an enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly?

<p>Lock and key model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing substrate concentration have on enzyme activity?

<p>Increases activity until saturation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a cofactor in enzyme activity?

<p>It helps an enzyme combine with a substrate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal pH range for most human enzymes?

<p>6-8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the specific area of an enzyme that combines with the substrate?

<p>Active site (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is a coenzyme typically derived from?

<p>Vitamins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an enzyme at temperatures beyond its optimal range?

<p>It denatures and loses function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Macromolecules

Large, complex organic molecules found in living organisms

Carbohydrates

Macromolecules primarily for energy. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, smallest unit of carbohydrates.

Disaccharides

Double sugar formed by two monosaccharides.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Polysaccharides

Long chains of simple sugars (more than two).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dehydration Synthesis

Process creating chemical bonds removing water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrolysis

Process of breaking down large molecules with water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary function of carbohydrates

Provide energy for the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Protein Shape

The three-dimensional structure of a protein determined by attractions and repulsions between amino acids.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Charged R-groups

Amino acid side chains that attract water, causing proteins with these groups to be soluble in water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Uncharged R-groups

Amino acid side chains that repel water, leading to proteins being insoluble in water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Proteins: Main Function

Proteins have diverse roles including transport, support, immunity, catalysis, and muscle action.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are Vitamins?

Organic compounds required in small amounts by the body for growth, tissue development, and disease resistance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why limit carbs?

Reducing carbohydrate intake can help manage weight, blood sugar levels, and reduce the risk of certain diseases like type 2 diabetes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Starch vs. Cellulose: Similarities

Both starch and cellulose are complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) made up of long chains of glucose molecules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Starch vs. Cellulose: Differences

Starch is digestible by humans, providing energy. Cellulose is indigestible, forming fiber that aids digestion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lipid Composition

Lipids are composed of glycerol, a 3-carbon chain, and fatty acids. Their type and structure influence their properties.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

Saturated fats have only single bonds between carbon atoms, making them solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats have double bonds, leading to liquid form.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrogenation

A process that converts unsaturated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen atoms and breaking double bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Protein Function

Proteins do not provide energy directly, but they play crucial roles in building and repairing cells, speeding up reactions (enzymes), and fighting infections (antibodies).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Essential Amino Acids

Our bodies cannot produce 8 essential amino acids, so we must obtain them through our diet. These are crucial for protein synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enzyme

A protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Catalyst

A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being permanently changed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Substrate

The molecule that an enzyme acts upon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Active Site

The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enzyme Inhibitors

Molecules that bind to enzymes and reduce their activity, preventing them from interacting with their substrates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Competitive Inhibitor

An inhibitor that binds to the active site of an enzyme, competing directly with the substrate for binding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cofactor

An inorganic ion (like a metal ion) that aids an enzyme in binding to its substrate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coenzyme

An organic molecule derived from a vitamin that assists an enzyme in substrate binding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-competitive Inhibitor

An inhibitor that binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, causing a conformational change that prevents the enzyme from working properly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lock and Key Model

A model of enzyme-substrate interaction where the enzyme and substrate fit precisely together, like a key in a lock.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does an inhibitor do to the enzyme's activity?

Inhibitors decrease the enzyme's activity by either blocking the active site (competitive) or changing its shape (non-competitive).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Induced Fit model

A model suggesting that the enzyme changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate, then returns to its original form.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why are enzyme inhibitors important?

Inhibitors play a crucial role in regulating metabolic pathways by controlling the rates of enzymatic reactions. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

D1.1 - Molecules of Living Systems

  • Molecules of living systems are called macromolecules
  • The majority of compounds found in food fall into three categories—carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
  • Macromolecules are made of smaller subunits
  • Macromolecules are assembled through dehydration synthesis
  • Macromolecules are broken down through hydrolysis
  • Carbohydrates are primarily for providing energy for the body
  • Carbohydrates are necessary for energy and found in plant-based foods (fruits, vegetables, grains)
  • Carbohydrates are made up of carbon (C), oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H)
  • They contain two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom
  • Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides
  • Monosaccharides have 3-7 carbon atoms (e.g., fructose, glucose, galactose)
  • Disaccharides are made up of two simple sugars linked together through dehydration synthesis (e.g., sucrose, maltose, lactose)
  • Polysaccharides are long chains of simple sugars (e.g., starch, cellulose)
  • Cellulose is difficult to break down
  • Animals store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen
  • Over 50% of organic carbon in biosphere is tied up as cellulose

Lipids

  • Lipids consist of glycerol (3-carbon chain) and fatty acids
  • Fats are lipids composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids, solid at room temperature
  • Oils are lipids composed of glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids, liquid at room temperature
  • Lipids are insoluble in water
  • Lipids are found in foods containing animal- or plant-based oils/fats
  • Function as long-term energy storage molecules
  • Other lipids (phospholipids) form membranes that separate cells from their internal environment
  • Some lipids carry vitamins, are steroids, and play a role in hormone synthesis
  • Saturated fatty acids have only single carbon-carbon bonds, have maximum hydrogen, and are solid at room temperature (e.g. butter)
  • Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double carbon-carbon bond, have less hydrogen, and are liquid at room temperature (e.g. oil)
  • Hydrogenation converts unsaturated fats into saturated fats by breaking double bonds and adding hydrogen

Proteins

  • Proteins are formed by amino acid molecules bonded together in long chains by peptide bonds
  • Proteins do not provide energy for our cells.
  • Proteins play many vital functions in our bodies including forming structural components, repairing damage, speeding up chemical reactions (enzymes) and defending against disease (antibodies)
  • There are 20 amino acids and 8 must be obtained through eating, the rest are synthesized
  • Proteins are found in meat, eggs, dairy products, and legumes
  • Solubility of proteins is determined by the type of R-group, charged attract water and are soluble
  • Proteins have different structures from primary to quaternary structure
  • Lysozyme is an enzyme found in nasal fluid and tears, killing bacteria.
  • Integrin creates connections between structures inside and outside the cell
  • Collagen is a structural protein in tendons, ligaments, blood vessels and skin
  • Hemoglobin allows red blood cells to carry oxygen.

Vitamins and Minerals

  • Vitamins are organic compounds that often help enzymes function and are needed in small amounts for tissue development, growth, and resistance to disease
  • Examples include Vitamin D and Vitamin B12
  • Minerals are inorganic compounds needed in small amounts by the body that help build bones, cartilage, and chemical reactions
  • Potassium is an example of a mineral found in bananas

Enzymes

  • Enzymes are protein catalysts that permit chemical reactions to process at low temperatures
  • Enzymes reduce the energy required to react
  • Enzymes are not used up in the reaction
  • The name of the enzyme identifies the molecule it targets (e.g., lactase targets lactose)
  • Two types of models for enzymes, lock-and-key and induced fit
  • Factors influencing enzymes include temperature, pH, and substrate concentration
  • Inhibitors attach to enzymes, reducing their ability to bond to substrates (competitive and non-competitive)

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

D1.1 - The Molecules of Living Systems (Updated 2024) PDF

Description

Explore the essential molecules of living systems in this quiz focused on macromolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Understand how these macromolecules are formed and broken down, and their vital roles in providing energy and structure to organisms. Perfect for students looking to solidify their knowledge of biological compounds.

More Like This

Biological Macromolecules: Carbohydrates
15 questions

Biological Macromolecules: Carbohydrates

AppreciativeTeal avatar
AppreciativeTeal
Biological Macromolecules Quiz
6 questions

Macromolecules Quiz: Test Your Knowledge of Biological Macromolecules

UnfetteredExpressionism avatar
UnfetteredExpressionism
Biochemistry General Notes
24 questions

Biochemistry General Notes

NimbleHeliotrope9308 avatar
NimbleHeliotrope9308
Biological Molecules Overview
48 questions

Biological Molecules Overview

ExcitedMoldavite776 avatar
ExcitedMoldavite776
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser