Biological Molecules Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is required to become a registered dietitian?

  • Completion of a supervised internship program (correct)
  • A master's degree in health sciences
  • At least two years of work experience in a hospital
  • Certification in personal training

    • What is the primary characteristic of lipids?

  • They are hydrophobic and insoluble in water (correct)
  • They are produced exclusively by plants
  • They are comprised solely of proteins
  • They are polar molecules that dissolve in water

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids in cells?

  • Storing energy for long-term use
  • Providing insulation from the environment
  • Catalyzing biochemical reactions (correct)
  • Serving as building blocks of hormones

    • Which components make up a triglyceride?

    <p>Glycerol and three fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the carboxyl group in fatty acids?

    <p>To form covalent bonds with glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipid is specifically known for being a major component of cellular membranes?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fatty acids is true?

    <p>Fatty acids have a variable carbon chain length ranging from 4 to 36 carbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the three fatty acids attached to the glycerol molecule in a triglyceride?

    <p>By covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the chemical nature of an amino acid?

    <p>The R group attached to the amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between two amino acids?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the difference between polypeptides and proteins?

    <p>Proteins can consist of multiple polypeptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary significance of cytochrome c?

    <p>It is used to assess evolutionary relationships via protein sequencing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many amino acids are found in human cytochrome c?

    <p>104</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the shape of a protein?

    <p>It is critical to its function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid comparison shows the most similarity indicating recent common ancestry?

    <p>Human and chimpanzee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction type leads to the formation of peptide bonds?

    <p>Dehydration reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides structural support to plant cells?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animals can digest cellulose due to the presence of specific bacteria?

    <p>Herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the exoskeleton in arthropods?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do glucosidic bonds in cellulose influence its properties?

    <p>They provide rigidity and tensile strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does dietary fiber play as cellulose passes through the human digestive system?

    <p>It cannot be broken down by human enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of polysaccharides like cellulose and chitin?

    <p>They are made up of monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cellulose from other carbohydrates such as starch and glycogen?

    <p>Cellulose has unique glucose-glucose bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are registered dietitians increasingly sought after regarding obesity-related diseases?

    <p>They create food and nutrition plans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of proteins is specifically related to regulating physiological processes?

    <p>Serving as hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an enzyme mentioned in the provided content?

    <p>Salivary amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do changes in temperature and pH affect proteins?

    <p>They can lead to denaturation and loss of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of proteins is critical to their function?

    <p>Their sequence of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural unit that makes up proteins?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the R group in amino acids?

    <p>It is responsible for the differences in the amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein is hemoglobin considered to be?

    <p>Globular protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do enzymes play in biochemical reactions?

    <p>Speeding up reactions by lowering activation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the primary structure of a protein?

    <p>The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein structure is characterized by hydrogen bonding forming alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets?

    <p>Secondary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the mutation causing sickle-cell anemia affect the hemoglobin structure?

    <p>It results in a structural change due to a single amino acid substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall impact of the structural change in hemoglobin in sickle-cell patients?

    <p>It causes red blood cells to take on a crescent shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of protein structure involves the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains?

    <p>Quaternary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common secondary structure of proteins?

    <p>Gamma spiral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes how changes in gene sequence might affect proteins?

    <p>They can change the amino acids in a polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond primarily stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

    <p>Deoxyribonucleic acid and Ribonucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of RNA in cells?

    <p>It acts as an intermediary in protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components make up a nucleotide?

    <p>Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural arrangement of DNA molecules?

    <p>Double helix with two intertwined strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nucleotide contains the genetic information?

    <p>Nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the two strands of DNA bound together?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the backbone of the DNA structure?

    <p>Alternating sugar and phosphate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do the bases pair in DNA?

    <p>Guanine pairs with Cytosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biological Molecules

    • Biological macromolecules are large molecules essential for life, made from smaller organic molecules.
    • Four major classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
    • These molecules are organic, containing carbon bonded to hydrogen, and often including oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements.

    Carbon's Importance

    • Carbon is central to life because it forms the fundamental components of many molecules essential to living organisms.
    • Carbon has four electrons in its outer shell, enabling it to form four covalent bonds with other atoms or molecules.
    • This versatility allows for the formation of complex molecules such as methane (CH4), a simple molecule and the basis of many more complex ones.

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are important for energy and other functions.
    • Classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
    • Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose) are simple sugars with a formula of (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
    • Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides joined together.
      • Lactose = glucose + galactose
      • Sucrose = glucose + fructose
      • Maltose = glucose + glucose
    • Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides. Examples include starch (plants), glycogen (animals), and cellulose.

    Lipids

    • Lipids are a diverse group of nonpolar molecules including fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
    • They are hydrophobic ("water-fearing") due to hydrocarbon chains, and because of this, are important for energy storage and insulation.
    • Fats (Triglycerides) are composed of glycerol and fatty acids. Fatty acids can be saturated (single bonds) or unsaturated (contain double bonds).
      • Unsaturated fatty acids are often liquid at room temperature ("oils").
      • Saturated fatty acids are often solids at room temperature ("fats").

    Proteins

    • Proteins perform a wide range of functions in living organisms.
    • Proteins are polymers of amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids.
    • The type and order of amino acids determine the protein's shape and function.
    • Proteins have four levels of structure:
      • Primary: The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
      • Secondary: Local folding of the polypeptide chain, often into alpha-helices or beta-sheets.
      • Tertiary: The three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide chain.
      • Quaternary: The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information.
    • Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
    • Each nucleotide has three parts: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
    • DNA: A double helix, with nucleotides paired via hydrogen bonds (A-T and C-G)
    • RNA: A single-stranded molecule and differs structurally from DNA. It plays a role in protein synthesis.

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    Chapter 02b Biological Molecules PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential biological macromolecules, their classes, and the significance of carbon in life. It explores carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, detailing their structures and functions. Test your understanding of these crucial components of life.

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