Biology Chapter: Cells and Organisms

Cells

• Cells are the basic units of life.
• Cell parts include the nucleus (controls the cell), mitochondria (creates energy), and ribosomes (produce proteins).
• Body organization progresses from cells to tissues, organs, and systems.
• Vaccines help prevent diseases.

Organisms

• Habitats are the locations where organisms live.
• Ecosystems involve communities of organisms working together.
• Energy flows from the sun to plants, then animals, and finally decomposers.
• Nutrient cycles, like the carbon cycle, involve the exchange of carbon dioxide between plants and animals.
• Organisms are grouped based on similarities, forming classifications like mammals and reptiles.

Processes

• Photosynthesis is how plants use sunlight to create glucose (food).
• Respiration is the process of releasing energy.
  • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
  • Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less energy.

Metabolism

• Digestion breaks down food into usable nutrients.
• Transport moves substances within and outside of cells, like osmosis moving water.

Evolution

• Natural selection describes the "survival of the fittest."
• Genetics means that traits are passed from parents to offspring via DNA.
• Cell division includes mitosis (for growth and repair) and meiosis (for creating reproductive cells).

Environment Interactions

• Plants grow toward light (tropism).
• Senses like sight, hearing, and touch allow organisms to interact with the world around them.
• Hormones regulate growth and energy use.

Interactions Between Organisms

• Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms.
• Predators and prey depict the relationship where animals hunt and are hunted.
• Food chains illustrate who eats whom in an ecosystem.
• Competition happens when organisms vie for limited resources.
• Extinction occurs when a species vanishes due to environmental changes.

Humans and the Environment

• Human activities impact the environment through things like deforestation and pollution.
• Conservation involves protecting and preserving the environment, including its species.
• Solutions to environmental problems include recycling, using sustainable energy, and minimizing waste.
• Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment, such as body temperature.

This quiz covers essential concepts in biology from cellular structure to ecosystems. Learn about cell functions, energy flow in ecosystems, and the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Test your knowledge on how organisms interact with their environment and each other.