Science Study Guide Midterm PDF

Science - Study Guide - Midterm: Biology: 1. Cells What are cells? The building blocks of life. Parts of cells: Nucleus (controls the cell), mitochondria (makes energy), ribosomes (make proteins). Body organization: Cells → Tissues → Organs → Systems (e.g., the heart i...

Science - Study Guide - Midterm: Biology: 1. Cells What are cells? The building blocks of life. Parts of cells: Nucleus (controls the cell), mitochondria (makes energy), ribosomes (make proteins). Body organization: Cells → Tissues → Organs → Systems (e.g., the heart is part of the circulatory system). Vaccines: Help protect us from diseases. 2. Organisms Habitats: Where organisms live. Ecosystems: Communities of organisms working together. Energy flow: Sun → Plants → Animals → Decomposers. Nutrient cycles: Processes like the carbon cycle (plants take in CO₂, animals release it). Classification: Grouping organisms based on similarities (e.g., mammals, reptiles). 3. Processes Photosynthesis: Plants use sunlight to make food (glucose). Respiration: o Aerobic: Uses oxygen to release energy. o Anaerobic: Happens without oxygen, less energy is made. 4. Metabolism Digestion: Breaks down food into nutrients. Transport: Movement of substances in and out of cells (e.g., osmosis moves water).  Homeostasis: Keeps things like body temperature steady. 5. Evolution Natural selection: "Survival of the fittest." Genetics: DNA determines traits passed from parents to kids. Cell division: o Mitosis: For growth and repair. o Meiosis: For making sperm/egg cells. 6. Environment Interactions Plants: Grow toward light (tropism). Senses: Eyes, ears, and skin detect the world around us. Hormones: Control growth and energy use. 7. Interactions Between Organisms Pathogens: Germs that make us sick. Predators and prey: Animals hunting and being hunted. Food chains: Show who eats what. Competition: Fighting for food, water, or space. Extinction: Species die out when they can’t survive changes. 8. Humans and the Environment Impact: Cutting trees, polluting air/water, etc. Conservation: Protecting nature (e.g., planting trees, saving animals). Solutions: Recycling, using clean energy, reducing waste.