Biology Chapter: Cells and Organisms

Multicellular organisms have specialized cells that perform specific functions and coordinate their activities, while colonial organisms consist of genetically identical cells living together with little coordination.

All living organisms are composed of cells, obtain and use energy, and reproduce.

Unicellular organisms obtain energy through processes like photosynthesis or fermentation, while multicellular organisms often have specialized cells for energy acquisition, such as roots in plants.

<p>Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unicellular organisms are single-celled life forms, such as bacteria and amoebas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He was the first to use the term 'cell' after observing cork under a microscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His microscopes had 10x stronger magnification, allowing him to discover and describe microorganisms, which he called 'little beasties'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They concluded that all plant and animal tissues are composed of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell theory states that new cells are produced from existing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells have evolved into different shapes to perform specific functions efficiently within an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mitochondria synthesize ATP (energy) through cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomes break down debris and help clean the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes and folds proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nucleus contains the cell's DNA and synthesizes ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell membrane is a semi-permeable layer that controls what enters and exits the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic cells mainly consist of a cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA located in the nucleoid region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack these structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyanobacteria were the first photosynthetic organisms and released oxygen, permanently altering Earth's atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosomes in bacterial cells are responsible for synthesizing proteins essential for various cellular functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell membrane is significant because it acts as a semi-permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carolus Linnaeus developed the binomial nomenclature system, which is significant because it allows for a consistent naming system for organisms using two Latin names.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle classified living organisms into two primary groups: Plants and Animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A species is defined as a group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup' helps to remember the order of classification levels: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaebacteria have cell walls without peptidoglycan, whereas Eubacteria have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structural similarity is important because it helps to group organisms that share common characteristics, reflecting their evolutionary relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of an organism in the Fungi kingdom is a mushroom, and its mode of nutrition is heterotrophic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Protista kingdom consists mostly of unicellular organisms with eukaryotic cell structures, and their cell walls may contain cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroplasts synthesize glucose through photosynthesis using chlorophyll.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The large central vacuole stores water, salts, and nutrients, contributing to turgor pressure for plant rigidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It proposes that eukaryotic cells originated from separate prokaryotic cells that formed symbiotic relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromoplasts contain pigments that attract insects for pollination and animals for seed dispersion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rough ER has ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis, while smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA and have double membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lynn Margulis developed the endosymbiosis theory in the 1960s.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process involves plasma membrane infolding, engulfing an aerobic bacterium, and then a cyanobacterium which become mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroplasts and mitochondria have amino acid sequences that are similar to those of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stages occur in the following order: ancestral prokaryote, infolding of plasma membrane, endosymbiosis with an aerobic bacterium, endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium, and finally the formation of an ancestral eukaryote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genus and species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Latin is a universal language that ensures names are understood by all scientists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized in form and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cell's size is limited by its surface area-to-volume ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell membranes control the movement of nutrients and wastes in and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A scientific name should be italicized when typed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animal #2 (Vanessa) and Animal #4 (Danaus) are closely related as they share the same family (Lepidoptera).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high surface area-to-volume ratio is crucial for efficient nutrient movement and waste removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins in the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In humans, nearly all mitochondria are inherited from the egg cell, with the sperm's mitochondria typically destroyed after fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Golgi bodies package proteins for transport to their destinations within or outside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cilia are small hair-like structures used for both sensation and locomotion, while flagella are tail-like structures primarily used for locomotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vesicles transport proteins to their designated locations within the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers