Biology Chapter: Cells and Organisms
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Questions and Answers

What are unicellular organisms made up of?

  • One cell (correct)
  • Many cells
  • None of the above
  • Several types of cells
  • Who invented the first compound microscope?

    Zacharias Janssen

    All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

    True

    Which of the following describes the cell theory?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Omnis cellula e cellula' mean?

    <p>All cells come from pre-existing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Francesco Redi experimented on _____ in jars.

    <p>fresh meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells lack a nucleus?

    <p>Prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cell is considered the powerhouse?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroplasts are involved in cellular respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell division in prokaryotes occurs through _____ fission.

    <p>binary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cells with their characteristics:

    <p>Prokaryotes = No nucleus, DNA in nucleoid Eukaryotes = Has a nucleus and complex organelles Plant cells = Contain cell wall and chloroplasts Animal cells = Lack a cell wall, have centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ribosomes?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lysosomes do?

    <p>Break down old organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a type of modification found on the apical surface of a cell.

    <p>Pseudopods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer covering of plant cells is called the _____ wall.

    <p>cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Foundation of Life: Cells

    • Cells are the basic unit of life and regenerate at night.
    • Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell (e.g., bacteria, protozoa).
    • Multicellular organisms comprise multiple cells (e.g., plants, animals).

    Historical Developments in Microscopy

    • Romans experimented with glass in the first century, creating lenses.
    • Zacharias Janssen invented the first compound microscope around 1595, likely with help from his father, Hans.
    • Robert Hooke observed cork under a microscope in 1665, describing its structure as "cells."
    • Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe live cells, inventing microscopes with lenses that could magnify objects 270-300 times.

    Cell Theory

    • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
    • The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
    • Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

    Key Contributors to Cell Theory

    • Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1838) stated that cells are the building blocks of plants.
    • Theodor Schwann (1839) declared that cells are fundamental units of animals, merging plant and animal cell structure concepts.
    • Rudolf Virchow (1855) presented "Omnis cellula e cellula," asserting all cells come from existing cells.

    Theory of Spontaneous Generation

    • Suggests organisms can arise from non-living sources.
    • Francesco Redi's experiments with jars and meat demonstrated that maggots do not spontaneously generate.
    • John Needham's chicken broth experiment appeared to support spontaneous generation.
    • Lazzaro Spallanzani countered Needham, showing no microorganisms grew in sealed broths.
    • Louis Pasteur confirmed that microorganisms originate from the air through his S-shaped flask experiment.

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Cell Wall: Protects and supports plant cells; prevents excessive water uptake.
    • Cell Membrane: Protects cells; is semipermeable, controlling substance movement.
    • Nucleus: Acts as the cell's control center, managing all activities.
    • Cytoplasm: Site of physiological processes, supporting organelles.
    • Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis and assembly.
    • Golgi Body: Packages proteins for transport outside the cell.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Transports materials; rough ER has ribosomes, while smooth ER detoxifies substances.
    • Lysosomes: Break down old organelles; termed "suicide bags" of the cell.
    • Chloroplasts: Found in plant cells; contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
    • Vacuoles: Storage for food, water, and waste materials.
    • Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell, generating ATP energy.
    • Flagella and Cilia: Aid in locomotion and movement of cells.
    • Centrioles: Assist with cell division and organization of microtubules.
    • Peroxisomes: Conduct oxidative reactions and recycle molecules.

    Cellular Characteristics of the Five Kingdoms

    • Plantae: Capable of photosynthesis; contains cell walls made of cellulose.
    • Fungi: Decomposers; reproduce via spores/budding; composed of hyphae.
    • Animalia: Most complex, multicellular organisms with diverse cell types (e.g., osteocytes, neurons).
    • Protista: Mostly unicellular; includes protozoa with various locomotion strategies.
    • Eubacteria: Comprising complex, unicellular organisms in different shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla); includes extremophiles.

    Cell Modification

    • Cell specialization occurs post-division, allowing cells to effectively perform their functions.
    • Apical Modifications: Features like pseudopods, flagella, cilia, and microvilli enhance movement and absorption.
    • Lateral Modifications: Gap junctions, tight junctions, and adhering junctions facilitate communication and structural integrity.
    • Basal Modifications: Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes stabilize cell connections with the substrate.
    • Specialized cells in plants include root hairs and guard cells.

    Summary of Cell Types

    • Prokaryotes: Lack a nucleus; divide via binary fission, no endocytosis/exocytosis.
    • Eukaryotes: Possess a nucleus and are genetically diverse; includes animals, fungi, plants, and protists.

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