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Questions and Answers
What role does the nucleus play in cellular reproduction?
What role does the nucleus play in cellular reproduction?
What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?
What substance was coined as 'protoplasm' by Purkinje?
What substance was coined as 'protoplasm' by Purkinje?
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Which of the following processes does NOT involve the plasma membrane?
Which of the following processes does NOT involve the plasma membrane?
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What is the primary function of lysosomes?
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
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How did Robert Brown contribute to cell biology?
How did Robert Brown contribute to cell biology?
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Which structure is responsible for the energy production in the cell?
Which structure is responsible for the energy production in the cell?
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What does the cell theory state about all living organisms?
What does the cell theory state about all living organisms?
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Which type of organism consists of a single cell performing all life functions?
Which type of organism consists of a single cell performing all life functions?
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What is the definition of osmosis?
What is the definition of osmosis?
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How do lysosomes function in the cell?
How do lysosomes function in the cell?
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What is the main role of mitochondria in cells?
What is the main role of mitochondria in cells?
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Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for photosynthesis in plants?
Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for photosynthesis in plants?
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What phenomenon occurs when a living plant cell loses water due to osmosis?
What phenomenon occurs when a living plant cell loses water due to osmosis?
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What type of cells are characterized by the absence of a nucleus?
What type of cells are characterized by the absence of a nucleus?
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What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?
What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?
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What are ribosomes primarily responsible for in a cell?
What are ribosomes primarily responsible for in a cell?
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Which part of the cell is often referred to as the brain of the cell?
Which part of the cell is often referred to as the brain of the cell?
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What process allows cells to engulf food molecules from the environment?
What process allows cells to engulf food molecules from the environment?
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What type of plastids are responsible for the storage of starch and oils?
What type of plastids are responsible for the storage of starch and oils?
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Which structure allows the transfer of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm?
Which structure allows the transfer of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells, the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
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Cell Types:
- Unicellular organisms: Consist of a single cell performing all life functions (e.g., Amoeba, Paramecium, bacteria).
- Multicellular organisms: Composed of many cells working together to perform specialized functions (e.g., plants, animals).
- Cell Size and Shape: Vary depending on the cell's function.
- Cell Division: The nucleus plays a central role in cell reproduction, directing the chemical activities for cellular development.
Cell Organelles
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Nucleus:
- Controls cell activities.
- Contains DNA (genetic material) organized into chromosomes.
- Enclosed by a nuclear membrane with pores for material transfer.
- Chromatin material forms chromosomes during cell division.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Network of membranes within the cytoplasm.
- Rough ER (RER): Studded with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER (SER): Involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, found in all active cells.
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Golgi Apparatus:
- System of membrane-bound sacs (cisterns).
- Involved in storing, modifying, and packaging cellular products.
- May synthesize complex sugars from simple sugars.
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Lysosomes:
- "Waste disposal system" of the cell.
- Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste, foreign materials, and old organelles.
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Mitochondria:
- "Powerhouses" of the cell.
- Generate ATP (energy) through chemical reactions.
- Have their own DNA and ribosomes; able to manufacture some proteins.
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Plastids:
- Found only in plant cells.
- Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
- Chromoplasts: Coloured plastids.
- Leucoplasts: Colourless plastids for storing starch, oils, and proteins.
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Vacuoles: Storage sacs for liquids or solids;
- Large central vacuole in plant cells maintains turgor pressure.
- Involved in expelling excess water and waste in some unicellular organisms.
Cell Membranes and Movement
- Plasma membrane (Cell membrane): Flexible outer boundary of the cell, composed of lipids and proteins; selectively permeable.
- Cell wall: Rigid outer covering in plant cells, providing support and protection, made of cellulose.
- Diffusion: Movement of substances from higher to lower concentration.
- Osmosis: Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from higher to lower water concentration.
- Hypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic Solutions: Different concentrations of solute relative to a cell can cause water movement through osmosis.
- Plasmolysis: Shrinkage of the cell contents in a plant cell due to water loss by osmosis.
- Endocytosis: Process where cells engulf materials from the environment.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of cell theory, the differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms, and the roles of various cell organelles. This quiz covers essential concepts including cell size, shape, and division, as well as the functions of the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum.
