Biology Chapter: Cell Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

What is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all organisms?

  • Organ system
  • Cell (correct)
  • Tissue
  • Organ

Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of cells, despite their morphological differences?

  • Presence of a nucleus
  • Ability to reproduce
  • All cells have the same shape and size (correct)
  • Presence of a cell membrane

What is the most abundant inorganic compound in a cell?

  • Electrolytes
  • Carbohydrates
  • Water (correct)
  • Protein

Which of the following is NOT an example of a commonly occurring element in cells?

<p>Iron (Fe) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proteins in a cell?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in cells?

<p>Speeding up chemical reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a structural protein?

<p>Collagen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of organic compound found commonly in cells?

<p>Minerals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phospholipids in cell membranes?

<p>To form a barrier that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the polar head and the non-polar tail of a phospholipid?

<p>The polar head is hydrophilic, while the non-polar tail is hydrophobic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the current model that describes the arrangement of components within a cell membrane?

<p>Fluid Mosaic Model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbohydrates in the cell membrane?

<p>To act as receptors for signaling molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cell membrane?

<p>Nucleic acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cell membrane regulate the movement of materials?

<p>By selectively allowing some substances to pass through while blocking others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell membrane in cell-to-cell signaling?

<p>To provide a platform for the attachment of signaling molecules and receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the ‘fluid’ aspect of the Fluid Mosaic Model?

<p>It means that the membrane is constantly moving and changing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Storage and packaging of proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structure is known as the "powerhouse" of the cell?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of microvilli?

<p>Increased surface area for transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of microtubules?

<p>Breakdown of cellular debris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures are associated with contractile activities and cell locomotion?

<p>Microfilaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cilia?

<p>Movement of fluids and particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cytoplasmic inclusion?

<p>Hemoglobin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the centrosome?

<p>Cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nucleus?

<p>Provides a channel for communication and transport of substances throughout the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is responsible for lipid production, metabolism, and calcium storage?

<p>Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (S.E.R.) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ribosomes?

<p>To synthesize proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell membrane?

<p>Provides for intercellular interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cytoplasm?

<p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

<p>To maintain cell shape and structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about inclusions?

<p>They are small structures associated with cell function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Peroxisomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Monosaccharide

The simplest form of carbohydrates; single sugar unit, like glucose.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate made of two monosaccharides linked together, such as sucrose.

Polysaccharide

A complex carbohydrate formed by many monosaccharides linked together, like glycogen.

Lipids

Organic compounds that are fats, essential for storing energy and forming membranes.

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Phospholipids

Lipids that form the major part of cell membranes, having hydrophilic heads and lipophilic tails.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, containing genetic information in chromosomes.

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Fluid Mosaic Model

Current theory that describes the structure of cell membranes as a fluid combination of lipids and proteins.

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Selectively Permeability

Feature of cell membranes that allows only certain substances to pass in or out.

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Cell

The fundamental structural and functional unit of all organisms.

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Chemical Composition of Cells

Cells predominantly consist of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

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Inorganic Compounds

Substances with no carbon, including water and electrolytes that make up cell mass.

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Organic Compounds

Compounds containing carbon, including proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

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Proteins

Organic compounds made of amino acids; serve as structural components, enzymes, or hormones.

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Enzymes

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in cells.

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Hormones

Regulatory substances produced in cells that control physiological activities.

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Structural Proteins

Proteins that maintain the shape and form of cells.

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Intercellular interactions

Communication and adhesion between cells facilitating cellular functions.

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Nucleus

A dense cell structure containing chromatin, a nuclear envelope, and a nucleolus involved in genetic storage and metabolism.

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Chromatin

A combination of DNA and protein within the nucleus, forming chromosomes during cell division.

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Nucleolus

The site within the nucleus where RNA synthesis occurs, essential for protein production.

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Cytoplasm

The substance within a cell containing cytosol and organelles, where various cellular functions occur.

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Ribosomes

Cell structures that function as 'protein factories', synthesizing proteins from amino acids.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

A membranous network in the cytoplasm, facilitating communication and transport of substances in the cell.

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Rough vs Smooth ER

Rough ER has ribosomes for protein production; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and stores calcium.

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Golgi Apparatus

Stacks of flattened sacs that store and package proteins.

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Mitochondria

Rod-shaped organelles known as the powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP for energy.

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Cytoplasmic Inclusions

Variety of chemical substances in cells, like secretory granules and lipids.

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Microtubules

Small hollow tubules that provide structure and channels for substances in the cytoplasm.

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Centrosome

Region near the nucleus housing centrioles; important in cell division.

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Centrioles

Cylindrical organelles made of microtubules involved in cell division.

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Microfilaments

Thin protein strands that provide skeletal support and assist in movement.

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Cilia

Cytoplasmic projections made of microtubules that help move substances across the cell surface.

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Study Notes

Human Anatomy - Lecture 1: Cell 1

  • Cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of all organisms.
  • Cells exhibit a wide variety of shapes and sizes.
  • Biological organization progresses from chemical level (smallest and least complex) to cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism (largest and most complex).
  • Cells contain water (about 75% of cell mass).
  • Cells contain inorganic compounds, including electrolytes.
  • Cells contain organic compounds, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • Proteins are made of amino acids, with functions like structure /shape, enzymes that catalyze reactions, and hormones.
  • Carbohydrates are composed of simple sugars, like glucose, linked together forming disaccharides and polysaccharides.
  • Lipids include fats, cholesterol, precursors to vitamins/steroid hormones, and phospholipids essential for cell membranes.
  • Phospholipids are amphipathic (have both polar hydrophilic "water-loving" head and nonpolar hydrophobic "lipid-loving" tails). Form a bilayer in membranes.

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

  • The cell membrane (plasmalemma) is composed of lipids (phospholipids), proteins, and carbohydrates.
  • The structure is the Fluid Mosaic Model.
  • The membrane is selectively permeable, allowing only certain substances to pass through.
  • Cell membranes compartmentalize regions for cell-to-cell signaling.
  • The cell membrane regulates movement of materials involved in cell-to-cell interactions and communication.

Cell Organelles

  • Nucleus:

    • Contains chromatin (DNA and proteins).
    • Chromosomes are condensed forms of chromatin.
    • Chromatids are half of a duplicated chromosome.
    • The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus.
    • Nucleolus is the site of RNA synthesis.
    • Nucleus functions include storing genetic material, regulating cellular metabolism, and being involved in cellular division (mitosis).

  • Cytoplasm:

    • Substance within the cell.
    • Cytosol (fluid) varies in composition depending on the cell type.
    • Organelles are structures within the cytoplasm that have specific functions.

  • Cytoskeleton :

    • Proteins maintain cell shape and structure
    • Involved in movement.
    • Compartmentalize organelles.
    • Cytoskeleton includes microtubules, centrioles, centrosomes, and microfilaments.

  • Microtubules:

    • Hollow tubes composed of protein tubulin.
    • Provide cellular framework and serve as channels for substances.
    • Structural components of centrioles and cilia.

  • Centrosome:

    • Located near the nucleus.
    • Contains two centrioles per cell.

  • Centrioles:

    • Cylindrically shaped organelles.
    • Composed of nine triplets of microtubules.
    • Important in cell division.

  • Microfilaments:

    • Thin protein strands.
    • Provide support and are associated with cellular activities like locomotion (e.g., actin and myosin).

  • Ribosomes:

    • "Protein factories" composed of protein and RNA.
    • Site of protein synthesis.

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

    • Membranous network of channels throughout the cytoplasm.
    • Continuous with the nuclear envelope.
    • Transport substances and provide a channel for communication.
    • Types include rough ER (with ribosomes for protein manufacture and transport) and smooth ER (responsible for lipid production, metabolism, and calcium storage).

  • Golgi Apparatus (Complex):

    • Stacks of flattened sacs.
    • Stores and packages proteins into vesicles or granules for storage or secretion.
    • Golgi apparatus is related spatially to the nucleus and ER.

  • Mitochondria:

    • "Powerhouse" of the cell, rod-shaped.
    • Has internal folds called cristae.
    • Site of cellular respiration.
    • Produce energy (ATP) for cellular functions.

  • Cytoplasmic Inclusions:

    • Wide variety of chemical substances that vary depending on cell type and function (e.g., secretory granules, hemoglobin, lipid droplets, pigments, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles).

Surface Specializations

  • Microvilli:

    • Finger-like projections of the cell membrane.
    • Increase the cell membrane's surface area for transport purposes.

  • Cilia:

    • Cytoplasmic projections from the cell.
    • Microtubules make up the cilia structures.
    • Move in a wave-like fashion (e.g., to move mucous and other materials).

Cellular Adhesions

  • Tight junctions: Form tight seals between cells
  • Desmosomes: "Spot-weld" cells together
  • Gap junctions: Allow for cell-to-cell exchange and communication

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Lecture 1: The Cell - Human Anatomy

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Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of cell biology with this quiz on cell structure and function. Explore key components such as proteins, enzymes, phospholipids, and more, as well as their roles within the cell. Ideal for students revising for biology exams.

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