Biology Chapter: Cell Functions and Structures
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of cells?

  • Metabolism
  • Creating new organisms (correct)
  • Maintaining homeostasis
  • Producing hormones

What is the significance of the cell theory, as proposed by Schleiden and Schwann?

  • It proved that all living organisms are made up of cells. (correct)
  • It established the role of the nucleus in cell function.
  • It demonstrated the existence of cells for the first time.
  • It explained the process of cell division.

Based on the text, which of these is NOT a major component of the organizational hierarchy of life?

  • Atoms
  • Organelles
  • Organisms
  • Ecosystems (correct)

Why are red blood cells (RBCs) typically thin and flat in shape?

<p>To maximize surface area for gas exchange. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of water being the most abundant compound in cells and the extracellular environment?

<p>It facilitates the movement of substances within the cell and between the cell and its surroundings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of electrolytes?

<p>Production of energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of structural proteins?

<p>Providing support and structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of lipids?

<p>They are essential for the formation of cell membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of dehydration?

<p>Vomiting and diarrhea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about carbohydrates?

<p>They are essential for the formation of cell membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structure of the plasma membrane?

<p>Lipid bi-layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

<p>It contains two layers of lipid molecules with embedded proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules can pass through the plasma membrane due to its selectively permeable nature?

<p>Small uncharged molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when fluid molecules move across a membrane to equalize solute concentration?

<p>Osmosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane?

<p>Transport and communication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid is commonly sourced from cold-water fish and flaxseed oil?

<p>Omega-3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Omega-6 fatty acids are primarily derived from which type of food sources?

<p>Vegetable oils and nuts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the outer layer of the plasma membrane that interacts with water?

<p>Hydrophilic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

<p>To increase membrane fluidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the nucleolus play within the nucleus?

<p>It assembles ribosome subunits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is essential for DNA synthesis and repair?

<p>Folic Acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

<p>It provides structural support and facilitates transport within the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about mitochondria is true?

<p>They have a folded inner membrane known as cristae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the nuclear envelope?

<p>Adjacent membranes surrounding the nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily responsible for protein synthesis in cells?

<p>Ribosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which structure is the cytoplasm found?

<p>Between the nucleus and the cell membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Carnitine in the body?

<p>Transport of long-chain fatty acids to the mitochondria for energy production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the enzymes responsible for ATP production located within a cell?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is NOT carried out by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?

<p>Production of proteins secreted by the cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of all mitochondria in an embryo being maternally inherited?

<p>It ensures that all offspring inherit the same mitochondrial DNA from their mother (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy?

<p>Inheritance of a large number of abnormal mitochondria (heteroplasmy) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell

The basic unit of life, responsible for all bodily functions.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of body parts.

Cell Theory

The theory stating that all living things are made up of cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Metabolism

The process by which cells utilize nutrients, remove waste, and maintain a stable internal environment.

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Water

The most abundant compound in cells and the extracellular environment, acting as a solvent and transport medium.

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Dehydration

The loss of body fluids, primarily water, exceeding the intake, leading to decreased levels of fluids inside and outside cells. This can be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating, resulting in metabolic problems. Infants are especially vulnerable due to their small fluid volume and can experience life-threatening consequences within hours.

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Electrolytes

Inorganic compounds that dissolve in water and form charged particles called ions. These ions play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including water balance, pH regulation, nerve and muscle function, and enzyme activity.

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Proteins

Nitrogen-containing organic compounds that are essential for various bodily functions. Each amino acid has a distinct structure consisting of an amino group and a carboxyl group. Different amino acids link together to form proteins. Proteins can be classified into structural proteins, which provide support, and functional proteins, which regulate metabolic processes.

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Carbohydrates

Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a specific ratio (2:1 for hydrogen to oxygen). They are categorized into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides based on the complexity of their structure. Carbohydrates serve as the primary energy source for the body, with excess being stored as fat or glycogen.

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Lipids (Fats)

A diverse group of organic molecules, including fats and fat-related substances like cholesterol. Their molecular structure is primarily composed of long chains of carbon atoms. Lipids are essential for building cell membranes, supplying energy, synthesizing hormones, and providing insulation.

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Plasma membrane

The outer boundary of a cell, regulating what enters and exits.

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Lipid bi-layer

The structural foundation of the plasma membrane, composed of two layers of lipid molecules.

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Trilaminar

The appearance of the plasma membrane under an electron microscope, showing three distinct layers.

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Fluid mosaic model

The modern understanding of the plasma membrane, where lipid molecules form a fluid structure with embedded proteins.

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Selectively permeable barrier

The property of the plasma membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through.

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Diffusion

The passive movement of molecules across a membrane from a high concentration area to a low concentration area.

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Osmosis

The movement of water molecules across a membrane to balance the concentration of solutes.

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Omega-3 fatty acid

A foundational omega-3 fatty acid found in cold-water fish and flaxseed oil.

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Cholesterol

A type of lipid that helps maintain cell membrane fluidity.

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Nucleus

The largest membrane-bound structure in a cell, containing DNA and directing cell activities.

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Nucleolus

A region within the nucleus responsible for assembling ribosomes.

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Nuclear Skeleton

A dense network of protein filaments in the nucleus, providing structural support.

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Cytoplasm

The fluid substance within a cell between the nucleus and the cell membrane, containing various structures involved in cellular processes.

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Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis within the cytoplasm.

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Cytoskeleton

A complex network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm, providing structural support, anchoring organelles, and facilitating molecule transport.

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Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for producing energy (ATP) in the form of ATP molecules.

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Mitochondrial Matrix

The area within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, containing enzymes for ATP production.

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Carnitine

A molecule that helps transport long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production.

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Heteroplasmy

The process where a cell has a mixture of normal and abnormal mitochondria, often inherited from the mother.

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Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

A rare inherited condition causing blindness and muscle weakness due to abnormal mitochondria, typically inherited from the mother.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of interconnected tubules involved in protein synthesis and transport, with rough ER containing ribosomes and smooth ER lacking ribosomes.

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Study Notes

Human Anatomy - Cytology

  • Anatomy studies the structure of body parts
  • Cells are the basic units of structural organization
  • Proper body function relies on cell function
  • Understanding cell processes (respiration, protein synthesis, mitosis, meiosis) is key
  • Diseases originate in cells
  • Cells organize hierarchically: atoms → molecules → organelles → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism
  • Robert Hooke (17th century) first observed cells in cork
  • Cells were named for monastery cubicles
  • Cell theory (Schleiden & Schwann): all living things are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure in all organisms
  • All cells come from existing cells

Cell Chemistry

  • Water is the most abundant compound in cells and the extracellular environment
  • Water acts as a universal solvent
  • It transports substances across membranes and within cells
  • Dehydration occurs when fluid loss exceeds intake
  • Electrolytes are inorganic compounds that form ions in water.
  • These ions (acids, bases, salts) are important for:
    • Water movement
    • pH balance
    • Nerve and muscle function
    • Enzyme activity
  • Low electrolyte levels can cause muscle cramps, heart failure, and brittle bones.
  • Proteins are nitrogen-containing organic compounds.
  • Proteins are formed from 20+ different amino acids.
  • Proteins have structural and functional roles (support, enzymes, hormones)
  • Carbohydrates have a 2:1 ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen
  • Types of carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
  • These serve as energy sources and storage molecules.

Cell Structure

  • The cell's outer boundary is the plasma membrane (plasmalemma)
  • It's a lipid bilayer with various proteins
  • The outer layer is hydrophilic (water-loving) and the inner layer is hydrophobic (water-fearing)
  • The structure is called a "fluid mosaic model" which is made up of two layers of lipid molecules
  • The membrane is selectively permeable allowing some substances into cells and expelling others.
  • Water moves to equalize concentration across a membrane (osmosis)
  • Proteins within the membrane vary in structure and mobility, affecting its function
  • Cells are constantly being assembled and disassembled
  • Functions include anchoring organelles, cell communication
  • Cells transport molecules across their environment

Other Cellular Structures

  • Organelles: Membrane-bound structures within cells (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes). They have specific functions.
  • Mitochondria: Produce energy (ATP), found in most cells
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in protein synthesis and lipid production. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and plays a role in protein secretion, whereas Smooth ER plays a role in lipid metabolism.
  • Golgi apparatus: Processes proteins and lipids, sorting them for transport.
  • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis
  • Cilia and Flagella: Cytoplasmic projections that assist in movement. Cilia is short and Flagella is longer. (cilia move substances over the surface of cells or tissues; flagella power movement of the whole cell like sperm)

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Human Anatomy Cytology Cell Structure PDF

Description

Test your understanding of cell functions, the significance of cell theory, and the components of life organization. This quiz covers essential concepts related to cell structure, proteins, lipids, and water's role in biological systems. Dive in to see how well you grasp these foundational topics in biology.

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