Biology Chapter: Blood Functions and Composition
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of blood in relation to respiratory gases?

  • To purify air inhaled into the lungs
  • To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide (correct)
  • To eliminate unnecessary gases from the body
  • To alter the chemical composition of gases

    • Which component of blood is responsible for its classification as a connective tissue?

  • Plasma (correct)
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Red blood cells

    • What occurs when blood is collected with anticoagulants?

  • The blood can be separated into distinct layers (correct)
  • The blood maintains its gas content indefinitely
  • The blood remains homogeneous
  • The blood forms clots immediately

    • How much blood does an average adult have in their body?

    <p>5-6 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

    <p>Helps in digestion of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are recognized by Cytotoxic CD8 T cells?

    <p>Infected, transplanted, or cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is derived from mutant proteins synthesized by cancerous cells?

    <p>Mutant peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MHC-I molecules in the immune response?

    <p>To present peptide fragments to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the Ag/MHC-I complex is true?

    <p>It participates in the immune recognition of cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the peptide fragment from non-self antigens?

    <p>They can be derived from mutant proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the nucleus of neutrophils?

    <p>Multi-lobed structure connected by threads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils?

    <p>Engulfing and consuming foreign material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do neutrophils typically live in the blood?

    <p>6-8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of granules do neutrophils contain?

    <p>Cytoplasmic granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what conditions are neutrophils most specialized to respond?

    <p>Bacterial invasions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What appears on neutrophils in some females as a distinguishing feature?

    <p>Barr body as a drumstick appendage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color can the cytoplasm of neutrophils appear under a microscope?

    <p>Light pink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the abundance of neutrophils among leukocytes?

    <p>Most abundant type of leukocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in erythrocytes?

    <p>To stabilize cell shape and facilitate gas transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes normochromic RBCs?

    <p>A consistent staining pattern across the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural proteins are primarily involved in maintaining the biconcave shape of erythrocytes?

    <p>Spectrin and Ankyrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate diameter of a typical erythrocyte?

    <p>6-9 um</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the glycocalyx?

    <p>A protective coating of glycoproteins and glycolipids around the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the biconcave shape of erythrocytes?

    <p>It provides flexibility for passage through capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thickness of the erythrocyte at its rim?

    <p>2.6 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does eosinophilia indicate in terms of erythrocyte characteristics?

    <p>High content of hemoglobin due to acidophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

    <p>Euchromatin is extended and active, while heterochromatin is condensed and inactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the staining characteristic of an active nucleus using H&E?

    <p>It appears blue due to basophilia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement characterizes dense regular connective tissue?

    <p>It has parallel bundles of collagen fibers with few fibrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

    <p>To facilitate the assembly of ribosomal RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates an inactive nucleus when observed under a microscope?

    <p>It is small and deeply basophilic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does euchromatin have on gene expression?

    <p>It promotes gene expression by being actively extended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the cell is primarily responsible for producing basophilia in cytoplasm?

    <p>Ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of connective tissue are collagen fibers arranged randomly?

    <p>Dense irregular connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood

    • Blood is considered to be a specialized type of connective tissue
    • Blood contains blood cells and plasma
    • Blood plasma is the extracellular matrix of blood

    Blood Functions

    • Transports nutrients and gases around the body
    • Transports waste products to organs and tissues for recycling or excretion
    • Transports hormones around the body
    • Transports immune cells throughout the body
    • Helps regulate body temperature
    • Maintains acid-base and osmotic balance

    Blood Volume and Movement

    • The average adult has approximately 5-6 liters of blood
    • Blood is propelled through the circulatory system by rhythmic contractions of the heart
    • Blood flows unidirectionally throughout the closed circulatory system

    Blood Composition

    • Anticoagulants prevent blood from clotting
    • Centrifuging blood with anticoagulants separates it into layers
    • Blood is a heterogeneous mixture

    Erythrocytes

    • Erythrocytes are also known as red blood cells (RBCs)
    • Erythrocytes are biconcave discs containing hemoglobin
    • Erythrocytes have a low number of enzymes
    • Erythrocytes contain a plasma membrane that is critical for gas transport and maintenance
    • Erythrocytes stain pink/red (acidophilia) due to the high content of hemoglobin (basic protein)
    • The central region of the erythrocyte appears pale due to its biconcave shape
    • The pale staining erythrocytes are called "Normochromic RBCs"
    • Erythrocytes consist of a meshwork of proteins (spectrin and ankyrin) that form a cytoskeleton
    • The submembranous meshwork stabilizes the membrane, maintains the cell shape, and provides elasticity for passage through capillaries
    • Erythrocytes are called "Normocytic RBCs"
    • Erythrocytes are 6-9µm (7.5µm) in diameter
    • Erythrocytes are 2.6µm thick at the rim, but only 0.75µm thick in the center
    • Erythrocytes can be used as a reference for cell size

    Erythrocyte Abnormalities

    • Mutations in membrane proteins like spectrin and ankyrin can cause abnormal erythrocyte shapes

    Erythrocyte Membranes

    • Erythrocytes are covered in a glycocalyx (a covering composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids)

    Erythrocyte Appearance

    • Erythrocytes appear rounded and non-nucleated when viewed under a light microscope
    • Erythrocytes are stained with Leishman stain
    • There is no nucleus present within the cell

    Leukocytes

    • Leukocytes are also known as white blood cells (WBCs)
    • Leukocytes are divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes
    • Granulocytes have cytoplasmic granules
    • Granulocytes contain azurophilic granules (lysosomes) and specific/secondary granules
    • Agranulocytes lack cytoplasmic granules
    • The three main types of granulocytes:
      • Neutrophils
      • Eosinophils
      • Basophils

    Neutrophils

    • Neutrophils are the most common leukocyte
    • Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus with 2-5 lobes connected by strings of nuclear material
    • Neutrophils have a light pink cytoplasm
    • Neutrophils cytoplasm stains equally red (acidic) and blue (basic)
    • Neutrophils are specialized for destroying bacterial invasions
    • Neutrophils respond to acute infections
    • Neutrophils are short-lived with a 6-8 hour half-life in blood and a 1-4 day lifespan in connective tissues
    • Neutrophils die by apoptosis
    • Neutrophils are the first WBCs to leave the blood in large numbers when there is an infection

    Basophils

    • Basophils stain blue in color

    Eosinophils

    • Eosinophils are stained red/orange using eosin
    • Eosinophils are involved with allergies

    MHC

    • MHC (major histocompatibility complex)
    • MHC-I molecules are present on all of the cells in the body except for red blood cells
    • MHC-I molecules bind to viral peptides or mutant peptides
    • MHC-I molecules promote cytotoxic T cells in response to the viral peptide
    • MHC-I molecules promote cytotoxic T cells in response to the mutant peptides
    • MHC-1 molecule binds to a viral peptide fragment produced by a virus-infected cell
    • MHC-1 molecule binds to a mutant peptide fragment produced by a cancerous cell

    T cells

    • Cytotoxic CD8 T cells kill infected, transplanted or neoplastic cells
    • The antigen of virus infected or transplanted cells binds to MHC-I molecules
    • The antigen of neoplastic cells binds to MHC-I molecules

    General Histology

    • Chromatin
      • Euchromatin is extended and active
      • Heterochromatin is condensed and inactive
    • Nucleolus
      • The nucleolus is a spherical mass without a membrane
      • The nucleolus is usually present in a single copy
      • Function: formation and assembly of rRNA for protein synthesis
    • H&E staining
      • The nucleus usually stains blue (basophilic) using H&E
      • An active nucleus stains lightly basophilic
      • An inactive nucleus stains deeply basophilic and appears smaller
      • The cytoplasm typically stains pink/red (acidophilic) in H&E stain
      • Ribosomes cause basophilia in the cytoplasm

    Connective Tissues

    • Dense irregular connective tissue
      • Randomly interwoven collagen fiber bundles
      • Orientation provides resistance to stress from every direction
      • Found in dermis of skin, organ capsules, and submucosa
    • Dense regular connective tissue
      • Parallel bundles of collagen fibers
      • Contains few fibrocytes aligned with the fibers and a small amount of ground substance

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of blood, including its composition, functions, and movement within the circulatory system. Test your knowledge on the specialized connective tissue that plays a crucial role in transporting nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body.

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