Blood: Functions and Composition
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of blood?

  • To maintain the body's acid-base balance
  • To regulate body temperature
  • To distribute oxygen and nutrients to the body (correct)
  • To produce hormones

    • What is the approximate volume of blood in an adult?

  • 10 L
  • 3 L
  • 5 L (correct)
  • 7 L

    • What is the main component of plasma?

  • Electrolytes
  • Water (correct)
  • Proteins
  • Hemoglobin

    • What is the shape of erythrocytes?

    <p>Biconcave discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

    <p>To transport oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate lifespan of erythrocytes?

    <p>120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal concentration range of erythrocytes in females?

    <p>3.9-5.5 million/μL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal concentration range of hemoglobin in males?

    <p>12-15 g/100ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of eosinophils under light microscopy?

    <p>10-15um</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of basophils?

    <p>Initiation of immediate hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of eosinophilic granules?

    <p>Major basic proteins (MBP) and acidic granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of eosinophils in connective tissue?

    <p>1-4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the nucleus of monocytes under light microscopy?

    <p>Oval, horseshoe, or kidney shaped nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of monocyte-derived cells?

    <p>Presenting antigens and participating in immune defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of eosinophils in immune responses?

    <p>Anti-parasitic and anti-anaphylaxis responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of lymphocytes based on their size?

    <p>Small, medium, and large</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of T cells?

    <p>Providing cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lymphocytes found?

    <p>In the blood, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of platelets?

    <p>10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of platelets under a light microscope?

    <p>Non-nucleated, disk-like cell fragment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of platelets?

    <p>Promoting blood clotting and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of producing new blood cells?

    <p>Hemopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of Eosinophils in total leukocytes?

    <p>1% to 3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Neutrophils?

    <p>To kill and phagocytose bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of Reticulocytes?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximant total count of leukocytes per microliter of blood?

    <p>6000-10000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the nucleus of Neutrophils?

    <p>Two to five lobed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of macrophages in relation to WBCs?

    <p>To remove dying WBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of Basophils in total leukocytes?

    <p>0% to 0.75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the staining method used to detect Reticulocytes?

    <p>Brillian cresyl blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Connective Tissue

    • Connective tissue is formed by two components: cells and extracellular matrix (fibers and ground substance)
    • Classified into four categories: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood

    Blood

    • Volume: 5 L in an adult
    • Location: within the closed circulatory system
    • Functions:
      • Distributing vehicle
      • Transporting O2, CO2, metabolites, and hormones
      • Participates in the regulation of body temperature and acid-base and osmotic balance
      • Chief defenses against infection
    • Components: formed elements and plasma

    Plasma and Serum

    • Plasma:
      • Aqueous solution
      • Translucent, yellowish, somewhat viscous
      • Components: 90% water and 10% of various substances
    • Serum:
      • Clear yellow liquid
      • Forms when blood clots and is centrifuged

    Blood Cells

    Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell, RBC)

    • Structure:
      • Mean diameter: 7.5 μm
      • Biconcave discs in shape
      • Lack nucleus and organelles
      • Packed with O2-carrying protein hemoglobin (HB)
    • Function: Gas transporting capability
    • Quantity:
      • Normal concentration: 3.9-5.5 million/μL (female), 4.1-6.0 million/μL (male)
      • Normal concentration of HB: 10.5-13.5g/100ml (female), 12-15g/100ml (male)
    • Life cycle:
      • Mean life: 120 days
      • Mature RBCs are worn out and removed by macrophages
      • Newborn RBCs: reticulocytes
      • Origin: bone marrow

    Leukocyte (White Blood Cell, WBC)

    • Classification:
      • Granular leukocytes
      • Agranular leukocytes
    • Quantity:
      • Total count: 6000-10,000/μl
      • Ratios:
        • Neutrophils: 57-67%
        • Basophils: 0-0.75%
        • Eosinophils: 1-3%
        • Monocytes: 3-7%
        • Lymphocytes: 25-33%

    Neutrophils

    • Structure under LM:
      • 10-12μm in diameter
      • Nucleus consisting of 2-5 lobes
      • Cytoplasm contains abundant neutral granules
    • Structure under EM:
      • Specific granules:
        • Neutral granules containing lysozyme, phagocytin, and alkaline phosphatase (ACP)
        • Azurophilic granules containing lysosomes
    • Functions:
      • Kill and phagocytose bacteria
      • The first leukocytes to arrive at sites of infection
      • Actively pursue bacteria cells using chemotaxis
      • Release chemokines to attract other leukocytes
    • Life span:
      • Short-lived cells with a half-life of 6-8 hours in blood
      • A life span of 1-4 days in connective tissue

    Eosinophils

    • Structure under LM:
      • 10-15μm in diameter
      • Nucleus consisting of 2-3 lobes
      • Cytoplasm contains large, distinctive, and evenly distributed acidic granules
    • Structure under EM:
      • Specific granules containing major basic proteins (MBP), 50%
    • Functions:
      • Anti-anaphylaxis and anti-parasitic infections
      • Killing parasitic worms
      • Moderating inflammatory and immune reactions
      • Phagocytising antigen-antibody complexes
      • Inactivating leukotrienes

    Basophils

    • Structure under LM:
      • 12-15μm in diameter
      • Nucleus divided into irregular lobes
      • Cytoplasm contains purple staining basic granules, which are not uniform in size and unevenly distributed
    • Structure under EM:
      • Specific granules containing heparin, sulfated GAGs, and histamine
    • Functions:
      • Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, such as allergic reactions to wasp stings
      • Delayed hypersensitivity reactions, similar to mast cells

    Monocytes

    • Structure under LM:
      • The largest of the WBCs, 12-15μm in diameter
      • Oval, horseshoe, or kidney-shaped nucleus
      • Cytoplasm is basophilic and contains very fine azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
    • Function:
      • Precursors of the mononuclear phagocytic system
      • All monocyte-derived cells are antigen-presenting cells
      • Play a role in immune defense of tissue

    Lymphocytes

    • Classification:
      • According to size:
        • Small lymphocytes (6-8 μm)
        • Medium lymphocytes (9-12μm)
        • Large lymphocytes (13-20μm)
      • According to surface molecules:
        • T cells (thymus-dependent lymphocytes) for cell immunity
        • B cells (bone marrow-dependent lymphocytes) for humoral immunity
        • NK cells (natural killer cells) for killing tumors and cells infected by viruses
    • Location:
      • Blood, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, and organs
      • Lymphocytes in the blood are small (90%), in a resting state
    • Life span:
      • A few days
      • Many years
    • Structure:
      • Nucleus is round and big, with condensed chromatin
      • Cytoplasm is scanty, slightly basophilic, and contains azurophilic granules
    • Functions:
      • Participate in immune reactions
      • Lymphocytes are the main functional cells of the immune system

    Platelets (Thrombocytes)

    • Origin:
      • Fragments of cytoplasm detached from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow
    • Quantity:
      • 150,000 to 400,000/μL
    • Life span:
      • 10 days
    • Structure under LM:
      • Non-nucleated, disk-like cell fragment, 2-4μm in diameter
      • Peripheral light blue-stained zone (hyalomere)
      • Central zone containing purple granules (granulomere)
    • Function:
      • Promote blood clotting and help repair gaps in the walls of blood vessels by releasing blood-clotting-related factors

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of blood, including its composition, volume, location, and functions in the human body. Topics include the components of blood, its role in gas exchange, and its participation in regulating body temperature.

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