Nutrition, Proteins Lecture #6

<p>It is composed of more than 10 amino acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligopeptide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because the body cannot convert phenylalanine into tyrosine due to a defective enzyme. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are used as a pool of raw materials for the body to create functional proteins or to create energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate the constant breakdown, recovery, and synthesis of proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The synthesis of serotonin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By lowering the activation energy of reactions, thereby speeding them up. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to the production of thyroxine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and melanin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They temporarily bind to the enzyme's active site, react, and leave the enzyme as the new compound AB (the product). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 120 days. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7.35-7.45 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific location on the enzyme where substrates bind and the reaction occurs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alteration in the protein's shape, affecting its function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins attract water, helping to regulate its distribution between cells and tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stomach due to the presence of strong acid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To unfold proteins and cause them to solidify. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditionally essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body, but not always in sufficient amounts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It unfolds the protein, making it easier for digestive enzymes to break it down. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are further broken down into individual amino acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breakdown of body tissues to liberate amino acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It chemically alters the amino acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It dictates the extent to which amino acids can be absorbed and used for various bodily functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may limit the absorption of other amino acids of its general type. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates whether protein intake is adequate to meet the body's needs for tissue maintenance and growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein requirements increase to combat sarcopenia and maintain physiological function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acids, bases, alcohol and heavy metals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may stimulate an immune response, such as a food allergy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nitrogen component is removed and the remaining backbone is used for energy, glucose conversion, or fat storage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plant-source proteins are typically 70-90% digested and absorbed, which can be lower than animal-source proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The individual is excreting more nitrogen than they are consuming, indicative of protein breakdown. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver regulates the concentration of blood amino acids by deaminating and converting them into glucose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell will dismantle its protein-making machinery, which can compound the ability to regain optimal synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids are converted to glucose, and/or used for energy or converted to fat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10-35% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greater protein synthesis that protein breakdown; it is important in instances where growth is prioritized, such as in children, during pregnancy, and in some athletic populations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If the deficiency is chronic the cell will dismantle its protein-making machinery - making circumstances less than optimal. The cell can reconstruct the machinery but there is a lag time. Also the unused amine groups are eliminated which can compound the ability to regain optimal synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dietary Reference Intake; 0.8g/kg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tyrosine is a precursor molecule that contributes to the synthesis of melanin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The energy expenditure for protein turnover accounts for a substantial portion of resting energy needs which is ≈ 20% in adults. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A blood pH of 7.50, indicating a slightly alkaline state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate the movement of substances into and out of cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The enzyme positions substrates A and B in such a way that their interaction is more likely, leading to the formation of a new product AB, after which the product detaches from the enzyme. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An individual with PKU requiring tyrosine due to impaired phenylalanine conversion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are deaminated and used as a fuel source or for gluconeogenesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are deaminated, and the carbon skeletons are used for energy, glucose, or fat synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient quantities, whereas nonessential amino acids can. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain between 4 and 10 amino acids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids from food and body proteins are dismantled and reassembled into new proteins based on genetic coding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditionally essential, due to the specific metabolic context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use in the synthesis of new amino acids or conversion to urea for excretion by the kidneys. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dismantling of the cell's protein-making machinery, potentially impairing future synthesis efficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They consist of two or more proteins with amino acid profiles that compensate for each other's lacking essential amino acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparing the amount of nitrogen consumed against how much is excreted through urinary urea nitrogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During growth spurts, pregnancy, or when building muscle mass, indicating more protein synthesis than breakdown. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10-35% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plant-source proteins generally have a digestibility ranging from 70-90%, which can be lower than animal sources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversion to glucose, fat, or direct use for energy production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditions like advanced age, disease or starvation where protein breakdown exceeds protein intake. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize at all or not enough.

Amino acids that the body can synthesize in sufficient amounts as needed.

Typically nonessential amino acids that become essential under specific circumstances.

A strand of two or more amino acids linked together.

The bond that joins one amino acid to another in a peptide.

Protein fragment consisting of two amino acids.

A protein fragment made up of more than ten amino acids.

The process of dismantling proteins and reassembling amino acids into functional proteins.

Building blocks of proteins, required for body functions.

The continuous breakdown and synthesis of proteins in the body.

Proteins are crucial for growth, tissue repair, and maintenance.

Proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.

Chemical messengers made from proteins or amino acids.

Hormone synthesized from tyrosine, important for metabolism.

An amino acid that helps produce serotonin, a neurotransmitter.

Protein helps maintain fluid levels in cells and tissues.

Proteins help regulate the blood pH between 7.35-7.45.

Red blood cells live for about 120 days before being replaced.

Foods that provide all essential amino acids in adequate amounts.

Process of breaking proteins down into amino acids in the digestive system.

Process of transporting amino acids from the small intestine to the liver and tissues.

Potential difficulties in obtaining sufficient protein in vegetarian diets.

The process where a protein loses its natural structure due to external factors.

Heat causes proteins to denature, changing their texture and appearance.

Acids can denature proteins, like lemon juice 'cooking' fish in ceviche.

Substances like mercury can denature proteins, disrupting their function.

Specific areas in the small intestine where different amino acids are absorbed.

After digestion, amino acids are released into the bloodstream and carried to the liver.

A genetic disorder caused by alterations in the DNA sequence of hemoglobin.

In the small intestine, polypeptides are further broken into dipeptides and tripeptides.

Larger undigested proteins may stimulate an immune response, leading to food allergies.

The process where cells adjust protein production based on amino acid availability.

Amino acids that the body cannot store and are converted to energy or waste.

Two or more proteins that together provide all essential amino acids.

A measure of nitrogen intake compared to nitrogen output in the body.

A state where protein synthesis exceeds breakdown, promoting growth.

A state where protein breakdown exceeds synthesis, indicating loss.

The ability of a protein source to supply all essential amino acids.

Daily Recommended Intake for protein is 0.8g/kg of body weight.

A genetic disorder causing an inability to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine, making tyrosine essential.

A protein fragment consisting of 4 to 10 amino acids.

A reserve of free amino acids available for protein synthesis and energy.

Amino acids can build proteins, energy, or glucose.

Nitrogen is removed from excess amino acids as urea.

Amino acids can provide energy when carbs are low.

Low essential amino acids slow down protein synthesis.

Positive: building more protein; Negative: losing protein.

Animal proteins are 90% digestible; plant proteins 70-90%.

Two proteins that together provide all essential amino acids.

Quality determines how effectively proteins supply amino acids.

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, making processes faster and more efficient.

Hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, can be synthesized from amino acids, acting as chemical messengers.

Proteins help maintain fluid levels in cells by attracting water and balancing electrolyte concentrations.