Questions and Answers
When a compound donates (loses) electrons, that compound becomes _____
oxidized
When a compound accepts (gains) electrons, that compound becomes _____
reduced
In glycolysis, the carbon-containing compound that functions as the electron donor is _____
glucose
Once the electron donor in glycolysis gives up its electrons, it is oxidized to a compound called _____
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_____ is the compound that functions as the electron acceptor in glycolysis.
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The reduced form of the electron acceptor in glycolysis is _____
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Which compounds among the products of glycolysis contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions?
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What is the direct role of O2 in mitochondrial electron transport?
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How would anaerobic conditions affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation?
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What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?
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The glucose molecule has a large quantity of energy in its _____
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Which statement describes the results of the following reaction: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy?
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In glycolysis, how many NADH are produced?
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In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?
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Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
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How many oxygen molecules (O2) are required each time a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized?
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What is the major adaptive advantage of cellular respiration?
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The four stages of cellular respiration function independently.
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What happens to the cell's rate of glucose utilization when ATP demand exceeds ATP supply under anaerobic conditions?
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In muscle cells, what does fermentation produce?
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Which of the following correctly pairs the process with its inputs and outputs?
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In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____
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What is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration?
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During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration Overview
- Cellular respiration converts energy in food to ATP through a series of reactions.
- Electrons are transferred between electron donors and acceptors in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions.
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
- Glucose serves as the electron donor and is oxidized to pyruvate.
- NAD+ acts as the electron acceptor, becoming reduced to NADH.
- ATP is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation, where a phosphate group is added directly to ADP.
Products of Glycolysis
- Key products include pyruvate, ATP, and NADH, which can be utilized in subsequent biological reactions.
- The net gain from glycolysis per glucose is 2 ATP molecules.
Acetyl CoA Formation and Citric Acid Cycle
- Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA, releasing CO2.
- The citric acid cycle involves a complex pathway breaking down Acetyl CoA into CO2, generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
- O2 serves as the final electron acceptor, reducing to water.
- ATP production occurs through oxidative phosphorylation.
- Electron carriers NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the ETC, with NADH producing more ATP than FADH2.
Anaerobic Conditions
- In the absence of oxygen, the ETC halts, and ATP synthesis stops.
- Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue under anaerobic conditions by regenerating NAD+ from NADH, leading to lactate or ethanol production.
Regulation of Cellular Respiration
- ATP levels regulate the rate of cellular respiration via feedback inhibition, particularly affecting phosphofructokinase (PFK) in glycolysis.
- High ATP concentrations inhibit PFK, slowing down ATP production when demand is low.
Metabolic Pathways
- Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down molecules, while anabolic pathways synthesize complex molecules.
- Glycolysis does not occur within mitochondria, unlike the citric acid cycle and ETC.
Energy Storage and Utilization
- Most energy from glucose oxidation is stored in NADH after glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
- Glucose oxidation involves breaking C-H bonds in glucose, releasing CO2 and energy.
Key Concepts in Cellular Respiration
- Substrate-level phosphorylation generates ATP in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
- The process of ATP synthesis is driven by the proton gradient established during electron transport.
- Fermentation can only partially satisfy energy needs due to low ATP yield compared to aerobic respiration.
Other Significant Points
- Each glucose molecule requires 6 O2 for complete oxidation to CO2 and H2O.
- Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis is a fundamental process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- In muscle cells, lactic acid fermentation occurs during intense activity when oxygen supply cannot meet demand.
- Fermentation pathways yield 2 ATP in energy, showcasing less efficiency than aerobic processes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cellular respiration with this quiz focused on Chapter 9. Understand the processes of glycolysis and oxidation-reduction reactions that are vital for energy conversion in cells. Complete the sentences to reinforce your understanding of key concepts.
