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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the proton-motive force in prokaryotes?
What is the primary function of the proton-motive force in prokaryotes?
How many ATP molecules are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during cellular respiration?
How many ATP molecules are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during cellular respiration?
What is the efficiency of respiration based on the conversion of glucose to ATP?
What is the efficiency of respiration based on the conversion of glucose to ATP?
Which molecule primarily carries electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?
Which molecule primarily carries electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?
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What process is described as driving cellular work such as ATP synthesis through the flow of H+ across a membrane?
What process is described as driving cellular work such as ATP synthesis through the flow of H+ across a membrane?
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What adaptation is observed in hibernating mammals regarding their metabolism?
What adaptation is observed in hibernating mammals regarding their metabolism?
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What happens to electron carriers during electron transport?
What happens to electron carriers during electron transport?
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What does the process of oxidative phosphorylation primarily involve?
What does the process of oxidative phosphorylation primarily involve?
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Which molecule receives electrons from NADH first in the electron transport chain?
Which molecule receives electrons from NADH first in the electron transport chain?
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What is the approximate maximum number of ATP molecules generated from each NADH during oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the approximate maximum number of ATP molecules generated from each NADH during oxidative phosphorylation?
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What is the primary function of ATP synthase?
What is the primary function of ATP synthase?
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What percentage of energy in gasoline is converted to useful work by the most efficient automobile?
What percentage of energy in gasoline is converted to useful work by the most efficient automobile?
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How does the rotor of ATP synthase contribute to ATP production?
How does the rotor of ATP synthase contribute to ATP production?
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Which component is NOT a protein in the electron transport chain?
Which component is NOT a protein in the electron transport chain?
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What maintains the H+ gradient that drives ATP synthesis in ATP synthase?
What maintains the H+ gradient that drives ATP synthesis in ATP synthase?
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Which statement about ATP synthase is true?
Which statement about ATP synthase is true?
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What two-carbon compound is formed from pyruvate during fermentation?
What two-carbon compound is formed from pyruvate during fermentation?
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Which type of organism can only survive through fermentation or anaerobic respiration?
Which type of organism can only survive through fermentation or anaerobic respiration?
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What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?
What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?
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How much ATP is produced by aerobic respiration compared to fermentation per glucose molecule?
How much ATP is produced by aerobic respiration compared to fermentation per glucose molecule?
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Which equation represents the process proposed for photosynthesis in sulfur bacteria?
Which equation represents the process proposed for photosynthesis in sulfur bacteria?
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What is the byproduct of alcoholic fermentation by yeast?
What is the byproduct of alcoholic fermentation by yeast?
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What role does NADPH play in the Calvin cycle?
What role does NADPH play in the Calvin cycle?
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What process occurs in human muscle cells under anaerobic conditions?
What process occurs in human muscle cells under anaerobic conditions?
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What is the significance of light reactions in the context of the Calvin cycle?
What is the significance of light reactions in the context of the Calvin cycle?
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Which metabolic pathway can facultative anaerobes utilize depending on oxygen availability?
Which metabolic pathway can facultative anaerobes utilize depending on oxygen availability?
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How are the metabolic steps of the Calvin cycle classified?
How are the metabolic steps of the Calvin cycle classified?
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What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?
What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?
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What is the role of NADH in fermentation?
What is the role of NADH in fermentation?
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What is the outcome of water splitting in photosynthesis according to van Niel's hypothesis?
What is the outcome of water splitting in photosynthesis according to van Niel's hypothesis?
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What does an absorption spectrum measure?
What does an absorption spectrum measure?
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Who is the Calvin cycle named after?
Who is the Calvin cycle named after?
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What primary function do glycolysis and the citric acid cycle serve in metabolic pathways?
What primary function do glycolysis and the citric acid cycle serve in metabolic pathways?
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Which statement about glycolysis is true?
Which statement about glycolysis is true?
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What is the role of anabolic pathways in metabolism?
What is the role of anabolic pathways in metabolism?
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How can excess carbohydrates and proteins be processed by the body?
How can excess carbohydrates and proteins be processed by the body?
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What regulates the metabolic economy related to cellular respiration?
What regulates the metabolic economy related to cellular respiration?
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What do feedback mechanisms prevent during cellular respiration?
What do feedback mechanisms prevent during cellular respiration?
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Which of the following statements about metabolism is true?
Which of the following statements about metabolism is true?
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What happens to an excess amino acid in a cell?
What happens to an excess amino acid in a cell?
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What recent understanding has emerged regarding lactate's role in muscle performance?
What recent understanding has emerged regarding lactate's role in muscle performance?
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Which cellular process does not occur in fermentation?
Which cellular process does not occur in fermentation?
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What is the fate of excess lactate produced during glycolysis?
What is the fate of excess lactate produced during glycolysis?
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What differentiates anaerobic respiration from fermentation?
What differentiates anaerobic respiration from fermentation?
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What type of organisms can perform fermentation?
What type of organisms can perform fermentation?
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What is produced as a by-product of sulfate-reducing bacteria during anaerobic respiration?
What is produced as a by-product of sulfate-reducing bacteria during anaerobic respiration?
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What is the net ATP production from glycolysis during fermentation, anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration?
What is the net ATP production from glycolysis during fermentation, anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration?
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Which of the following accurately describes the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is the process by which cells harvest chemical energy from organic molecules.
- It involves three key pathways: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
- Fermentation is a simpler pathway that does not require oxygen.
- Redox reactions are crucial to catabolic pathways, where electrons are transferred, releasing stored energy to synthesize ATP.
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons.
- Organic molecules store potential energy in the arrangement of their electrons.
- Enzymes catalyze the breakdown of organic molecules into simpler products, releasing energy.
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration, taking place in the cytosol.
- This stage breaks down glucose, a six-carbon sugar, into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules.
- It involves both energy investment and energy payoff phases.
- Net yield: 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule.
- Glycolysis does not require oxygen.
Pyruvate Oxidation/Citric Acid Cycle
- Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, entering the citric acid cycle.
- The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of the organic fuel derived from pyruvate, releasing CO2.
- Net yield: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per acetyl CoA molecule.
- This stage requires the presence of oxygen.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Oxidative phosphorylation is the third stage of cellular respiration and is the major source of ATP.
- It consists of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
- Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along a series of proteins in the electron transport chain, releasing energy that is used to pump protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient.
- Chemiosmosis uses the energy of this gradient to drive ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
- Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, forming water.
- High yield of ATP: about 28-34 ATP per glucose molecule.
Fermentation
- Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from NADH in the absence of oxygen.
- Two common types are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
- Alcohol fermentation produces ethanol and CO2.
- Lactic acid fermentation produces lactate.
- Fermentation yields a much lower amount of ATP (2 ATP per glucose) compared to cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of sugars.
- The overall equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
- Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, specifically in the thylakoid membranes and stroma.
- Light reactions occur in thylakoid membranes, capturing light energy, splitting water, and producing ATP and NADPH.
- The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma, using ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 and synthesize sugars.
Cell Division
- Cell division is essential for growth, repair, and reproduction in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- The eukaryotic cell cycle includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and the mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis).
- Mitosis ensures that daughter cells receive identical genetic material.
- Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.
- Several checkpoints regulate the cell cycle.
Cancer
- Cancer results from uncontrolled cell division, due to genetic changes that negatively affect cell cycle control.
- Cancer cells typically do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition or anchorage dependence, dividing excessively and invading other tissues.
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Description
Explore the essential processes of cellular respiration, including glycolysis and its stages. This quiz covers key pathways, energy yield, and the role of enzymes in breaking down glucose molecules. Test your knowledge and understanding of how cells harvest energy!
