Biology Chapter 8: Nervous System

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Questions and Answers

Which component is likely represented by 'A' in biological systems?

Glial cell

Synapse

Vascular structure

Neuron (correct)

What could the label 'NT' indicate in the context of neuronal communication?

Nerve Termination

Nuclear Transport

Neural Transduction

Neurotransmitter (correct)

In the context of nervous system classifications, what does 'PNS' refer to?

Post Neural Synapse

Peripheral Nervous System (correct)

Primary Neural Structure

Pulmonary Nervous System

Which letter could represent the concept of synaptic transmission?

C Signup and view all the answers

What might 'G' signify in the context of receptor proteins?

G-protein coupled receptor Signup and view all the answers

If 'H' represents a part of the nervous system, it is likely to signify what?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which label is most likely associated with motor functions?

F Signup and view all the answers

What does the repeated mention of 'NT & receptor' likely imply?

The interplay between neurotransmitters and their receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures primarily protects the brain and spinal cord from injury?

Meninges Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?

To produce myelin Signup and view all the answers

During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which ion primarily enters the neuron?

Na+ Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for balance and coordination?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following distinguishes an excitatory neurotransmitter from an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

The ability to increase action potential generation Signup and view all the answers

What are the layers of the meninges in order from the outermost to innermost?

Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia mater Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the main function of the Na+-K+ pump?

To maintain membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes the structural classification of a neuron that has multiple dendrites and one axon?

Multipolar Signup and view all the answers

What role do ion gradients play in neural communication?

They maintain resting membrane potential and influence action potentials. Signup and view all the answers

How does myelination affect action potential propagation?

It speeds up the propagation of action potentials. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between stimulus intensity and action potential characteristics?

Higher stimulus intensity results in an increased frequency of action potentials. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contributes to the sense of equilibrium in the inner ear?

Anterior semicircular canal Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormones typically utilize a receptor-mediated mechanism of action?

Polar hormones Signup and view all the answers

How do disorders like near-sightedness typically occur?

The eye is too long, causing images to focus in front of the retina. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of photoreceptors in the visual pathway?

They transduce light into electrical signals for vision. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the spinal cord in the nervous system?

Communication between the central and peripheral nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What defines a negative feedback mechanism in hormonal control systems?

It reduces hormone release as changes occur. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the gray matter in the spinal cord?

It is primarily involved in sensory processing. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sensory receptor would be classified as specialized for detecting taste?

Chemoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation occurs in sensory receptors during prolonged exposure to a stimulus?

Decreased perception of the stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for the sense of smell?

Olfactory nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses Signup and view all the answers

How does negative feedback regulate hormone secretion?

By stopping the secretion of hormones when levels reach a certain threshold Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?

Endocrine glands release hormones into the circulatory system. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the hormones produced by the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

Anterior pituitary: Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Melanocyte-stimulating hormone; Posterior pituitary: Oxytocin, Vasopressin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cortisol in the body's functions?

Controlling metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates hormone release from the adrenal medulla?

Increased physical activity or stress Signup and view all the answers

How does hypoglycemia trigger glucagon release?

Detection of low glucose levels by alpha cells in the pancreas Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes how goiter development occurs?

It results from a deficiency of iodine, impairing negative feedback control of thyroid hormone production. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones are produced by the pancreas?

Insulin and glucagon Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of thyroid hormones?

To regulate the body's metabolic rate and energy levels Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 8: Nervous System

Nervous System
- Function:
  - Detects internal and external stimuli
  - Processes information
  - Generates responses
  - Maintains homeostasis (internal environment stability)
- Divisions:
  - Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
  - Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves that connect CNS to the rest of the body
- Neuron:
  - Structure:
    - Dendrites: Receive signals from other neurons
    - Cell Body: Contains nucleus and organelles
    - Axon: Carries signals away from the cell body
    - Terminal Bouton: Releases neurotransmitters at the synapse
- Neuron Types:
  - Multipolar: Multiple dendrites, single axon (most common)
  - Bipolar: Single dendrite, single axon (found in sensory organs)
  - Pseudounipolar: Single process that splits into axon and dendrite (sensory neurons)
- Neuroglia:
  - Support and protect neurons
  - Oligodendrocytes: Myelinate axons in CNS
  - Schwann Cells: Myelinate axons in PNS
- Brain and Spinal Cord Protection:
  - Meninges: Three layers of protective membranes
    - Pia Mater: Innermost layer, adheres to brain and spinal cord
    - Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer, contains cerebrospinal fluid
    - Dura Mater: Outermost layer, tough and fibrous

Chapter 9: Senses

Sensory Receptors:
- Detect stimuli
- General Senses: Touch, pressure, temperature, pain
- Special Senses: Smell, taste, hearing, vision, equilibrium
- Adaptation: Decreased sensitivity to constant stimuli
- Referred Pain: Pain perceived in a different location from its source
Taste:
- Structures: Taste buds on tongue
- Receptors: Chemoreceptors that detect chemicals in food
Smell:
- Receptors: Chemoreceptors in olfactory epithelium (lining of nasal cavity)
- Location: Roof of nasal cavity
Hearing:
- Structures: Ear (outer, middle, inner)
- Receptors: Mechanoreceptors in the inner ear that detect sound waves
Equilibrium (Balance):
- Static Equilibrium: Detects head position relative to gravity
- Dynamic Equilibrium: Detects head movement
- Structures:
  - Semicircular Canals: Fluid-filled canals in the inner ear, detect head rotation
  - Macula: Sensory receptors in the inner ear, detect head position
- Receptors: Mechanoreceptors in the inner ear
Vision:
- Eye Structures: Cornea, lens, retina
- Photoreceptors: Light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) in the retina
- Visual Pathway: Signals travel from photoreceptors to the brain
- Visual Accommodation: Lens changes shape to focus on objects at different distances
  - Nearsightedness: Difficult to see far objects (eyeball too long)
  - Farsightednes: Difficult to see near objects (eyeball too short)
  - Correction: Lenses to adjust the focal point

Chapter 10: Endocrine

Modes of Communication:
- Nervous System: Electrical signals (neurotransmitters)
- Endocrine System: Chemical signals (hormones)
- Exocrine Glands: Secrete substances outside the body (sweat glands)
- Paracrine: Chemical signals that act on neighboring cells
Hormones:
- Steroid Hormones: Fat-soluble, pass through cell membranes
- Nonsteroid Hormones: Water-soluble, bind to receptors on cell surface
Hormonal Control:
- Negative Feedback: Hormone production is regulated by its own levels
- Positive Feedback: Hormone production is stimulated by its own levels
Hypothalamus and Pituitary:
- Hypothalamus: Controls the pituitary gland
- Pituitary Gland:
  - Anterior Pituitary: Secretes hormones under hypothalamic control
  - Posterior Pituitary: Stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus
Thyroid Gland:
- Secretes thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
- Controlled by the anterior pituitary
  - Hyperthyroidism: Excess thyroid hormone
  - Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid hormone
- Goiter: Enlarged thyroid gland
Adrenal Glands:
- Adrenal Medulla: Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (stress response)
- Adrenal Cortex: Secretes cortisol (stress response)
Pancreas:
- Secretes insulin and glucagon (blood glucose regulation)
  - Insulin: Lowers blood glucose
  - Glucagon: Raises blood glucose
Diabetes:
- Type 1: Inability to produce insulin
- Type 2: Insulin resistance

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Description

Test your knowledge on the nervous system with this quiz covering its functions, divisions, and neuron structure. Explore the roles of the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as various types of neurons. Perfect for students studying biology at an intermediate level!