Unit 3 Study Guide PDF

Learning Objectives Chapter 8 – Nervous System Neurons, Neuroglia, & Protections 1. Describe four general functions of the Nervous System. How does each function contribute to homeostasis? 2. Identify the two anatomical divisions of the Nervous System and their structural components. 3. Describe the...

Learning Objectives Chapter 8 – Nervous System Neurons, Neuroglia, & Protections 1. Describe four general functions of the Nervous System. How does each function contribute to homeostasis? 2. Identify the two anatomical divisions of the Nervous System and their structural components. 3. Describe the functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system. 4. Identify and describe the three structural components of a neuron. 5. Compare the three structural classifications of neurons. 6. Describe the function of neuroglia. 7. Compare the locations, associated structures, and functions of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. 8. Describe two structural features that protect the brain and spinal cord from injury. 9. Describe the three layers of the meninges and their relative locations in the CNS. Neural Communication 10. Define “membrane potential”, in consideration of Na+ and K+ concentrations in the ECF and ICF. 11. Describe the movement of Na+ and K+ across the neuron plasma membrane during depolarization and repolarization phases of an action potential. 12. Explain the purpose of the Na+-K+ pump. 13. Describe the three steps of synaptic transmission, incorporating the appropriate synapse terminology within your explanation. 14. Differentiate and excitatory neurotransmitter and an inhibitory neurotransmitter, with regard to action potential generation in the post-synaptic neuron. Cerebrum 15. Describe the relative locations and general functions of the following major parts of the brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem. 16. Identify the five lobes of the cerebrum and match each lobe with its primary functions. 17. Provide examples of the three functional areas of the brain: sensory areas, motor areas, and association areas. Diencephalon, Brainstem, and Cerebellum 18. Describe the relative locations and general functions of the following major parts of the brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem. 19. Identify the three major areas of the diencephalon and their primary functions. 20. Summarize the main functions of the limbic system and the reticular formation, and list the brain structures associated with each system. 21. Match the three areas of the brainstem with their primary functions. 22. Describe the structure and function of the cerebellum. 23. Summarize the three main function of cerebrospinal fluid. Spinal Cord, Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems 24. Describe the structure and function of the spinal cord 25. Describe the structural organization of the spinal cord, including: relative location in the body, gray matter versus white matter, and its role in communication between the central and peripheral nervous system. 26. Recall the general functions for the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. 27. Describe the classification of the spinal nerves. 28. Explain the function of the components involved in a reflex. 29. Compare the structure and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic division.  Learning Objectives Chapter 9 – Senses General Senses 1. Describe the purpose of a sensory receptor. 2. Identify the general senses and the special senses. 3. Recall the five basic types of sensory receptors. 4. Explain what “adaptation” of sensations means. 5. Describe the phenomenon of referred pain. Special Senses: Taste, Smell, Hearing 6. Describe the structures associated with the sense of taste. 7. Contrast the location, structure, and function of olfactory and taste receptors. 8. Recall the location, structure, and function of the sensory receptors involved in hearing. Equilibrium 9. Define “equilibrium”. 10. Identify activities in your daily life that challenge the maintenance of equilibrium. 11. Distinguish the location, structure, and function of the sensory receptors involved in static equilibrium. 12. Distinguish the location, structure, and function of the sensory receptors involved in dynamic equilibrium. Vision 13. Identify the structures of the eye and the functions of these structures. 14. Describe the location, structure, and function of the sensory receptors involved in vision.  Learning Objectives Chapter 10 – Endocrine Overview and Characteristics 1. List and describe the four modes of communication (methods to convey physiological information) used across the human body. 2. Distinguish between neurotransmitters, hormones, and neurohormones. 3. Distinguish between endocrine glands and exocrine glands. 4. Identify the major endocrine glands and the hormones secreted by each (that we discuss in this course). 5. Compare steroid and nonsteroid hormones: locations of hormone receptors, general actions at target cells. 6. Identify the component of a homeostatic reflex arc that hormones are classified. 7. Identify three systems that control hormone secretion from endocrine cells and provide examples for each. 8. Explain how negative feedback can regulate blood levels of hormones in order to prevent hypersecretion or hyposecretion and define these terms. Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 9. Describe the general location of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, reviewing structures of the skull and brain. 10. Describe how hormone secretion from the anterior lobe (anterior pituitary) is controlled, and contrast with control of hormone secretion from the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary). 11. Identify 5 hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary and 2 hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary. 12. For each hormone included in this lecture, identify: (1) the secreting gland, (2) what controls hormone release from the secreting gland, (3) the hormone secreted, and (4) target cells and responses. Other Hormone Systems 13. Describe how the production of thyroid hormones is controlled. 14. List the actions of thyroid hormones. 15. Explain how goiter development is linked to impaired negative feedback control of thyroid function. 16. Describe the general location of the adrenal glands in the body and differentiate the two regions of adrenal glands (location, hormone production). 17. Describe what stimulates hormone release from the adrenal medulla and target organs/responses for norepinephrine and epinephrine. 18. Describe cortisol secretion, including the general body functions it controls and the signal for its release. 19. Identify two hormones produced by the pancreas and the cells that produce each hormone. 20. Using the homeostatic reflex model, explain how hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) leads to glucagon release; identify the target organs and response that restores blood glucose levels to normal. 21. Do the same for hyperglycemia and insulin. 22. Now that you know how blood glucose levels are regulated in healthy individuals, describe why people with either type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes are prone to hyperglycemia. 1. Nervous System I: Neurons, Neuroglia, & Protections a. Central Nervous System (CNS) b. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) c. Neuron i. Dendrites ii. Body iii. Axon iv. Terminal Bouton d. Multipolar Neuron e. Bipolar Neuron f. Pseudounipolar Neuron g. Meninges i. Pia Mater ii. Arachnoid Mater iii. Dura Mater 2. Nervous System II: Neural Communication 1. Plasma Membrane 2. Synapse 3. Presynaptic 4. Poststnaptic 5. Synaptic Cleft 3. Nervous System III: Cerebrum a. Cerebrum b. Cerebellum c. Diencephalon d. Brainstem e. Corpus Callosum f. Longitudinal Cerebral g. Gyri h. Sulci i. Lobes i. Frontal Lobe ii. Parietal Lobe iii. Occipital Lobe iv. Temporal Lobe v. Insula 4. Nervous System IV: Diencephalon, Brainstem, and Cerebellum a. Thalamus b. Hypothalamus c. Epithalamus i. Pineal Gland d. Pons e. Medulla Oblongata f. Reticular Formation 5. Nervous System V: Spinal Cord, Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems a. Spinal Cord i. Cervical Nerves (C1– C8) ii. Thoracic Nerves (T1-T12) iii. Lumbar Nerves (S1-S5) iv. Sacral Nerves (Co) v. Cervical Plexus vi. Brachial Plexus vii. Lumbar Plexus viii.Sacral Plexus 6. Senses II: Special Senses: Taste, Smell, Hearing a. Taste Buds b. Lingual Papillae c. Ear i. External Ear 1. Auricle 2. External Acoustic Meatus ii. Middle Ear 1. Tympanic Cavity 2. Tympanic Membrane 3. Auditory Tube 4. Auditory Ossicles a. Malleus b. Incus c. Stapes iii. Internal Ear 1. Cochlea a. Scala Vestibuli b. Scala Tympani c. Perilymph d. Cochlear Duct 2. Vestibule 3. Semicircular Canals 7. Special Senses III: Equilibrium a. Macula b. Ampulla c. Crista Ampullaris 8. Special Senses IV: Vision a. Wall i. Fibrous Layer 1. Sclera 2. Cornea ii. Vascular Layer 1. Choroid 2. Ciliary Body / Ciliary Muscles 3. Iris 4. Pupil iii. Inner Layer 1. Rods 2. Cones 3. Macula 4. Foves Centrails 5. Optic Disc iv. Fluids 1. Anterior 2. Posterior v. Nerve Pathway 1. Optic Chiasma 2. Optic Tracts Processes Chapter 8: Nervous System Big-picture neural communication Ion gradients, why they exist, and how they are used in neural communication Synaptic events (NT release, receptor-binding, effects) Role of myelination in action potential propagation Chapter 9: Sensory Relationship between stimulus intensity and the characteristics of the action potential signal Receptor types and senses they contribute to Process of conduction of sound into the inner ear, and how that is ultimately transduced into action potentials Relationship between sound characteristics (e.g. volume and pitch), the characteristics of the corresponding pressure wave, and characteristics of the resulting action potential signal How semi-circular canal and macula contribute to sense of equilibrium Pathway of light to the retina Visual accommodation to focus an image on the retina (how it differs for near vision vs. far vision, how disorders like near-sightedness and far-sightedness come about, and how they can be corrected with lenses) Photoreceptors and the visual pathway Chapter 10: Endocrine Processes (continued) Chapter 10: Endocrine Modes of communication in the body, and their similarities and differences Differences in mechanism of action of nonpolar vs. polar hormones Types of hormonal control systems (i.e. the various ways that hormone concentration in the body can be regulated) Actions of specific hormones, and examples of disorders associated with hormones  B. _____ A. _____ A. _____ B. _____ D. F. ____ ____ C. _____ C. _____ E. ____ A. ____ G. ____ I. ____ F. ____ H. ____ G. ____ C. ____ D. ____ E. ____ B. ____  A. ____ B. ____ C. ____ D. ____ E. ____ E. ____ D. ____ D. ____  G. ______ H. ______ A. ______ B. ______ I. ______ C. ______ J. ______ D. ______ K. ______ E. ______ L. ______ F. ______ M. ______ N. ______ O. ______ P. ______ A. ______ R. ______ C. ______ Q. ______ D. ______ E. ______  F. _______ A. _______ G. _______ B. _______ C. _______ E. _______ D. _______ B. _______ A. _______ C. _______ F. _______ D. _______ E. _______ H. _______ J. _______ I. _______ K. _______ M. _______ L. _______ E. _______ A. _______ B. _______ F. _______ C. _______ D. _______ D. _______ C. _______ A. _______ B. _______  A. _______ B. _______ D. _______ C. _______ E. _______ A. _______ B. _______ D. _______ C. _______ E. _______ A. _______ B. _______ B. _______ C. _______ G. _______ D. _______ E. _______ H. _______ I. _______ F. _______ SNS or PNS? NT & receptor? NT & receptor? NT & receptor? NT & receptor? SNS or PNS? NT & receptor? NT & receptor? SNS or PNS? NT & receptor? NT & receptor? A. _______ B. _______ E. C. _______ _______ F. _______ D. _______ A. _______ E. _______ F. _______ B. _______ G. _______ H. _______ C. _______ D. _______  A. _______ C. B. _______ _______ B. _______ F. _______ E. _______ D. _______  C. D. _______ _______ F. _______ A. _______ E. _______ H. _______ I. _______ J. _______ K. _______ B. _______ L. _______ M. _______ G. _______ P.______ O.______ N. _______  C.______D.______E.______ F.______ I.______ B.______ G.______ H.______ A.______ J.______ K.______ F.______ H.______ I.______ K.______ J.______ L.______ M.______ I.______ K.______ H.______ M.______ I.______ K.______