Questions and Answers
Which is a function of the skeletal system? (Select all that apply)
A bone with approximately the same width, length, and height is most likely?
a short bone
The shaft of a long bone is properly called the?
diaphysis
Sites of hematopoiesis include all but?
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An osteon has?
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The organic portion of the matrix is important in providing all but?
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The flat bones of the skull develop from?
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The remodeling of bone is a function of which cells?
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Bone remodeling in adults is regulated and directed mainly by?
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Where within the epiphyseal plate are the dividing cartilage cells located?
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Wolff's law is concerned with?
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Formation of the bony callus in fracture repair is followed by?
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The fracture type in which the bone ends are incompletely separated is?
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The disorder in which bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal is?
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Compare bone to cartilage tissue relative to its resilience and speed of regeneration.
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Describe in proper sequence the events of endochondral ossification.
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Osteocytes residing in lacunae of osteons of healthy compact bone are located quite a distance from the blood vessels in the central canals. How can this be explained?
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As we grow, our long bones increase in diameter, but the thickness of the compact bone of the shaft remains relatively constant. Explain this phenomenon.
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Describe the process of new bone formation in an adult bone.
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Compare and contrast controls of bone remodeling exerted by hormones and by mechanical and gravitational forces.
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Study Notes
Functions of the Skeletal System
- Provides structural support for the body.
- Serves as a hematopoietic site (blood cell formation).
- Acts as a storage area for minerals and lipids.
- Offers levers for muscle activity.
Bone Classification
- Short bones are characterized by equal width, length, and height.
Long Bone Structure
- The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone.
Hematopoiesis Sites
- Healthy adult bones do not use medullary cavities for hematopoiesis.
Osteon Composition
- Contains a central canal with blood vessels.
- Features concentric lamellae.
- Houses osteocytes in lacunae.
- Includes canaliculi connecting lacunae to the central canal.
Matrix Composition
- The organic component of bone matrix does not contribute to hardness.
Skull Bone Development
- Flat bones of the skull originate from fibrous connective tissue.
Bone Remodeling
- Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are responsible for bone remodeling.
Bone Remodeling Regulation
- Influenced primarily by mechanical stress and parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Epiphyseal Plate
- Dividing cartilage cells are situated between the resting zone and the hypertrophic zone.
Wolff's Law
- States that the shape of a bone is influenced by mechanical stresses placed upon it.
Fracture Repair Process
- Formation of the bony callus during fracture repair is succeeded by bone remodeling.
Fracture Types
- A greenstick fracture results in incompletely separated bone ends.
Osteoporosis
- Characterized by porous and thin bones, yet normal composition.
Bone versus Cartilage
- Cartilage is more resilient due to high water content and receives nutrients via diffusion from the perichondrium's blood vessels.
- Bones are prone to fractures; larger bones take longer to heal compared to smaller ones.
Endochondral Ossification Sequence
- Formation of a bone collar around the diaphysis occurs first.
- Central cartilage calcifies and develops cavities next.
- The periosteal bud invades these cavities, leading to the formation of spongy bone.
- The diaphysis elongates, creating a medullary cavity.
- Finally, ossification occurs in the epiphyses.
Osteocyte Nourishment
- Osteocytes are nourished by nutrients relayed through canaliculi, connecting them to the central canal.
Long Bone Growth Dynamics
- Long bones increase in diameter without increasing the compact bone thickness, as the rate of cartilage growth balances its replacement with bony tissue.
New Bone Formation
- An osteoid seam indicates new matrix deposits by osteoblasts.
- The calcification front is where unmineralized osteoid transitions to mineralized bone and requires about a week for proper maturation before calcification.
Bone Remodeling Controls
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates remodeling by stimulating osteoclasts to release calcium into the blood, while hormonal controls dictate if and when remodeling occurs.
- Mechanical stress from activities influences bone remodeling and architecture, with thickening occurring in response to demands placed on long bones.
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Test your knowledge of the skeletal system with these flashcards. Covering important functions, types of bones, and terminology, this quiz offers a comprehensive review of Chapter 6. Perfect for students preparing for exams in biology.