Biology Chapter 5 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which accessory organ of the digestive system produces bile?

  • Liver (correct)
  • Gall bladder
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine

The large intestine is primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients.

False (B)

What is the purpose of bile in digestion?

emulsify fat

The pancreas releases digestive enzymes into the ______.

<p>small intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each kingdom with its description:

<p>Animalia = Multicellular, heterotrophic Plantae = Multicellular, autotrophic Fungi = Heterotrophic, cell walls of chitin Archaea = Prokaryotic cells, often found in extreme environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of blood?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of plants?

<p>Heterotrophic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a monohybrid cross, only one trait is considered.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individual organisms evolve over time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one genetic disorder caused by nondisjunction.

<p>Down's syndrome or Klinefelter’s syndrome or Turner’s syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of cell division that results in two identical cells is called ______.

<p>mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two parts of binomial nomenclature?

<p>Genus species</p> Signup and view all the answers

The levels of classification from broadest to most specific are Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, ______, and Species.

<p>Genus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Phenotype = Observable characteristics of an organism Genotype = Genetic makeup of an organism Allele = Different versions of a gene Gene = Unit of heredity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of arteries?

<p>Carry blood away from the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms:

<p>Prokaryote = Cell lacking a nucleus Eukaryote = Cell with a nucleus Gymnosperms = Naked seed plants Angiosperms = Flowering plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pulmonary circulation carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main requirements for a respiratory surface?

<p>A large surface area and a moist environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood types are an example of ______ because there can be more than two options for a trait.

<p>multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the heart's conduction system?

<p>Ventricles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered evidence for evolution?

<p>Cultural Traditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lamarck's theory of evolution is based on natural selection.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process where humans select for specific traits in organisms?

<p>artificial selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

A change in a gene pool that results from a rapid decrease in population size is known as the ______ effect.

<p>bottleneck</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the scientist with their contribution to evolutionary theory:

<p>Charles Darwin = Theory of evolution by natural selection Jean-Baptiste Lamarck = Inheritance of acquired characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of new genetic variation in a species?

<p>Mutations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The founder effect occurs when a large population is suddenly reduced by a natural disaster.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the title of the book Charles Darwin wrote that is famous for explaining evolution?

<p>The Origin of Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and produce more offspring which is known as '______' in Darwin's theory.

<p>survival of the fittest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these processes can lead to changes in allele frequencies within a population due to random events?

<p>Genetic Drift (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mitosis

The process of a cell dividing into two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. It involves four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Meiosis

A specialized type of cell division that produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction.

Cytokinesis

The process by which the cytoplasm of a cell divides to form two daughter cells.

Genome

The complete set of genetic instructions in an organism. It is made up of DNA.

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Phenotype

The physical expression of a gene (e.g., eye color or height).

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., the combination of alleles for a particular gene).

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Gene

A unit of heredity that is responsible for a particular trait. It is located on a chromosome and has alternate forms called alleles.

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Allele

An alternative form of a gene that occupies the same locus on a chromosome.

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Monohybrid Cross

A cross where only one trait is considered (e.g., flower color).

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Artery

A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.

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Liver

A digestive organ responsible for producing bile, which helps in breaking down fats.

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Gallbladder

A sac-like organ that stores and releases bile into the small intestine.

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Pancreas

An organ that releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine to breakdown fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, along with sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

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Digestion

A process where large food molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. It involves both physical and chemical changes.

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Absorption

The process by which digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine.

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Species

A group of organisms having similar characteristics and capable of interbreeding.

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Classification

A hierarchical system used to classify living organisms into groups based on their characteristics.

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Binomial Nomenclature

A two-part naming system used to identify species, consisting of the genus and species name.

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Virus

A non-living structure that requires a host organism to reproduce.

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Evolution

The process by which organisms evolve over time through gradual changes in their genetic makeup.

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Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

This is a concept in biology that posits that acquired characteristics during an organism's lifetime cannot be inherited by its offspring.

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Natural Selection

This is the mechanism by which organisms best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully, passing on their favorable traits to their offspring.

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Mutations

Changes in the DNA sequence that can be neutral, harmful, or beneficial. These changes are the source of new genetic variation.

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Microevolution

This is a type of evolution that occurs within a single population, involving changes in allele frequencies.

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Genetic Drift

The chance changes in allele frequencies in a population, especially noticeable in small populations due to random events.

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Founder Effect

A type of genetic drift where a small group of individuals breaks away from a larger population and establishes a new colony with a different genetic makeup.

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Bottleneck Effect

A type of genetic drift where a population experiences a sudden and dramatic decrease in size due to a catastrophic event, leading to a loss of alleles.

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Macroevolution

This refers to large-scale evolutionary changes that lead to the formation of new species.

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Sympatric Speciation

This is a mode of speciation where a new species forms within the same geographical area as the parent species, often due to reproductive isolation.

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Allopatric Speciation

This is a mode of speciation where a new species forms due to geographical isolation, preventing gene flow between populations.

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Study Notes

Exam Information

  • Date: Friday, January 24
  • Time: 8:50 AM
  • Location: Room 250
  • Length: 2 hours

Exam Outline

  • Scantron: 45 multiple choice questions (45 marks)
  • Scantron: 25 matching questions (25 marks)
  • Short Answer Questions (4 questions, 3 mandatory): 25 marks
  • Labeling Diagrams: 8 marks
  • Total Marks: 103

Hint

  • All exam questions are covered in the PowerPoint
  • Some concepts are not on the exam
  • Refer to the image to identify concepts to ignore

Genetic Processes

  • Topic covered

Cell Cycle

  • Topic covered

Genetic Material - DNA, RNA Structure and Function

  • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
  • RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
  • AT&T, CoGeco (referencing base pairing)

Interphase, Mitosis/Meiosis, Cytokinesis

  • Mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells
  • Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells
  • Processes detailed in diagrams

Errors in Meiosis

  • Nondisjunction may cause genetic disorders (Klinefelter's, Down's, Turner's)
  • Diagrams explain abnormal chromosome numbers (n+1, n-1 etc.)

Human Chromosomes

  • 46 chromosomes in total
  • 22 pairs of autosomes
  • 2 sex chromosomes (XY for male, XX for female)

Mendelian Genetics

  • RRYY, rrÒ¯Ò¯, and RrYy illustrating inheritance patterns
  • (Refer to diagrams for details)

Terms: Phenotype, Genotype, Dominant, Recessive, Allele, Gene

  • Genotype: Genetic makeup
  • Phenotype: Observable traits (e.g., purple or white flower)
  • Alleles: Variant forms of a gene
  • Dominant/Recessive: Relationship between alleles

Monohybrid Cross

  • Diagram illustrating Punnett Square
  • 3:1 phenotypic ratio of yellow to green seeds in F2 generation
  • 1:2:1 genotypic ratio in F2 generation

Non-Mendelian Genetics

  • Topic covered
  • Examples Include Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, Multiple Alleles. (Refer to diagrams)

Multiple Alleles (Blood Types)

  • ABO blood group systems
  • I^A, I^B, and i alleles determine blood types
  • (Refer to diagram for details)

Patterns of Inheritance

  • Pedigree analysis (e.g., X-linked recessive disorders)
  • Details of inheritance type illustrated

X-linked, Autosomal

  • X-linked recessive inheritance is detailed.
  • (Refer to diagrams for details)

Genetic Diseases - X-Linked and Autosomal

  • Hemophilia and Sickle cell anemia are examples of diseases.
  • (Refer to diagrams for details)

Animal Structure and Function

  • Topic covered

Parts of a Cell and their Functions

  • Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Ribosomes, Mitochondria, Lysosome, Golgi body, and Endoplasmic reticulum are components of a cell.
  • (Refer to diagram for details)

Circulatory System

  • Topic covered

Components of Blood

  • Plasma, Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets

Structure and Function of Blood Cells

  • Detailed information in diagrams

Blood Types

  • Related to genetics. (Refer to genetics section)

Blood Vessels

  • Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins, and their layers
  • (Refer to diagram for details)

Heart Structure and Function

  • Diagrams and descriptions of heart parts

Heart Conduction System

  • Description of SA node, AV node, Bundle of His
  • Heart sounds (LUB and DUB)
  • (Refer to diagram for details)

Systemic Circulation, Cardiac Circulation, Pulmonary Circulation

  • Types of blood circulation
  • Diagrams of circulatory pathways
  • Detailed descriptions in diagrams

Blood Pressure

  • Diagram shows measurement of systolic and diastolic pressure
  • Detailed descriptions of blood pressure

Cardiac Technologies and Diseases

  • ECGs, Arrhythmias, and Myocardial Infarction.
  • (Refer to diagrams)

Respiratory System

  • Topic covered

Organs/Parts of the Respiratory System and their Functions

  • Organs involved. (Refer to diagram)

2 Main Requirements for Respiration

  • Respiratory surface and moist environments
  • (Refer to diagrams)

Mechanics of Respiration

  • Inhalation
  • Exhalation
  • Diagrams illustrating actions

Lung Capacity

  • Measurements and descriptions
  • (Refer to diagrams)

Respiratory Disorders

  • Examples such as Emphysema and Asthma.
  • (Refer to diagrams)

Digestive System

  • Topic covered

Organs/Parts of Digestive System

  • All the organs in the digestive system
  • (Refer to diagram)

Accessory Organs

  • Gallbladder, Liver, Pancreas and their functions
  • (Refer to diagrams)

Enzymes and Nutrients

  • 4 macro-molecules (carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid)
  • Role of enzymes in digestion
  • (Refer to diagrams)

Why do we need to eat Vegetables?

  • Insoluble fiber vs Soluble fiber. and its benefits.
  • Detailed description about these.

Digestive mechanisms/processes are detailed.

  • Mechanical/Physical Digestion
  • Chemical Digestion
  • Absorption.

Digestive disorders

  • Ex. Hiatal hernia, GERD.
  • (Refer to diagrams)

Diversity of Living Things

  • Topic covered
  • Detail regarding kingdoms and major phyla

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

  • Cell structures and characteristics.
  • (Refer to diagrams)

Archaea vs. Bacteria

  • Comparison of structures and characteristics
  • (Refer to diagrams)

Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria

  • Comparisons
  • (Refer to diagram)

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics

  • Heterotrophic, Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Motile, Sense Organs
  • (Refer to diagrams)

Binomial Nomenclature

  • Rules and formatting
  • Classification system (DKPCOFGS - or a similar detailed explanation)
  • (Refer to diagram)

Dichotomous Key For Leaves

  • The steps in using a dichotomous key to identify different leaf types.

Viruses (Structure, Reproduction Methods)

  • Viral structure: Capsid, DNA, Envelope.
  • Reproduction methods: Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle
  • (Refer to diagram)

Plants

  • Topic covered

Characteristics of Plants

  • Plant cell structure and characteristics
  • Autotrophic (photosynthetic) and details
  • (Refer to diagram)

Parts of Flowers

  • The various parts of a flower
  • Diagrams and descriptions

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

  • Differences, characteristics and diagrams
  • (Refer to diagrams)

Evolution

  • Topic covered

Individual Organisms vs Populations

  • Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve
  • (Refer to diagrams)

Evidence of Evolution

  • Fossils, Anatomy, Embryology, DNA

Charles Darwin-Contribution to Evolution

  • Theory of evolution by natural selection, its parts, and explanation
  • Diagram of Darwin and Lamarck's theory compared.
  • Detailed descriptions

Natural Selection vs Artificial Selection

  • The examples and characteristics of these

Mutation

  • Types of mutations: Germ-line and somatic
  • Effects and significance of mutations (benign, harmful, beneficial).
  • (Refer to diagram)

Microevolution

  • Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Bottleneck effect, founder effect -(Refer to diagrams)

Macroevolution

  • Speciation, reproductive isolating mechanisms , allopatric and sympatric speciation.
  • (Refer to diagrams)

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