Biology Chapter 5 Quiz

Microbiology Midterm Exam

• Kingdoms: Plantae, animals, fungi, and protists
• Mitosis: Cell division resulting in two identical cells.
• Binary Fission: Bacteria reproduction where the cell copies DNA and organelles, then divides the cytoplasm.
• Inflammation: Dilation of blood vessels.
• Phagocytosis: Process where macrophages and dendritic cells engulf foreign matter.
• Virulence: Characteristics of a microbe that cause disease.
• Infection Severity Factors: Patient health status, dose/viral load, pathogen virulence, and portal of entry.
• Microbial Movement: Flagella and cilia.
• Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes: Primary differences, and associated organisms.
• Microbiology: Study of organisms not visible to the naked eye.
• Pathogenicity: Ability of an organism to cause disease.
• Opportunistic Infection: Existing organism infecting a new area in the body due to compromised immune system
• Viruses: Infectious particles with genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They need a host cell to reproduce.
• Prions: Infectious proteins that cause disease by inhibiting, eating contaminated food, contaminated transplants, contaminated instruments.
• Sterile Sources: Urine, blood, CSF (cerebrospinal fluid).
• Nucleus: Cell control center containing DNA.
• Mitochondria: Responsible for ATP production (energy).
• Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
• Normal Flora: Microorganisms that inhabit the body without causing disease.
• Examples of Normal Flora: Staphylococcus epidermidis (skin, mouth, nose, throat), Escherichia coli (GI tract).
• Opportunistic Infections: Occur when normal flora infect a place where they don't belong, or a patient has a compromised immune system.
• Eukaryotic Cells: Contain membrane-bound organelles including the nucleus.
• Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Pathogen: An agent capable of causing disease.
• Phagocytes: Cells that engulf foreign matter.
• Immune System Defense: Protective barriers, circulatory response, and innate and adaptive responses.
• Innate Response: Protective barriers and circulatory responses.
• Adaptive Response: Cellular and humoral responses to identify and destroy pathogens.
• Asexual Reproduction: Cells make identical copies without involving another cell.
• Bacterial Shapes: Cocci, bacilli, and spirilla.
• Simple Staining: Used to view microbial shape and arrangement.
• Gram Staining: Differentiation method based on cell wall characteristics.
• Culture Steps: Quadrants, incubation, placement, and isolation .
• Disk Diffusion: Qualitative method to understand drug concentration needed.
• Broth Dilution: Quantitative method used for determining drug concentration to inhibit growth.
• MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration): Minimum concentration of antibiotic to prevent microbial growth.
• MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration): Minimum concentration of antibiotic that kills the bacteria
• Virology: Study of viruses.
• Parasitology: Study of parasites.
• Mycology: Study of fungi.
• Autoclave: Uses steam and pressure to sterilize.
• Carrier: Asymptomatic individual who can transmit disease to others.
• Transmission Routes: Contact (direct or indirect), common vehicle, airborne, and vector.
• Common Vehicle: Contamination leading to illnesses in many people.
• Airborne: Aerosol floats in air and inhaled.
• Vectors: Organisms that transmit disease.
• Biological Vectors: Pathogens inside vectors (ex. mosquitos and malaria).
• Mechanical Vectors: Pathogens on vectors' bodies (ex. flies).
• Bacteriostatic: Antibiotic which inhibits bacteria growth.
• Bactericidal: Antibiotic which kills bacteria.
• Broad Spectrum: Affects many microbes.
• Narrow Spectrum: Affects specific types of microbes.
• Viral Load: Total amount of viruses in the body.
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention): A major public health organization in the USA.
• Epidemiology: Study of disease patterns in populations.
• Prokaryotic Cell Components: DNA, cell wall, and cell membrane.
• Inflammation: Dilated blood vessels, allowing fluids and antibodies to enter an infected area.
• Adaptive Immunity: Cell-mediated and humoral responses.

Microbiology Exam- Additional Topics

• Autoclave: Method of sterilization using heat and pressure
• Tinea Infections: Fungal skin infections like tinea capitis, pedis, and corporis.
• Microorganism Removal Methods: Factors like number, type, and environmental conditions to consider when removing microorganisms.
• Decontamination: Removing dirt and other foreign matter from a patient's wound using sterile water, for example
• Gamma Irradiation: Used to inhibit microbial growth (fruits, vegetables).
• Disinfecting/Sterilizing Agents (Glutaraldehyde): Bactericidal, tuberculocidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and sporicidal, used for cleaning surgical instruments.
• Heat Treatment and Disinfection Time: Heat reduces the time needed for disinfection or sterilization.
• Latency: Disease inactive until environmental conditions favorable for reproduction.
• Parasite Stages of Development: Eggs, larvae, cyst, and trophozoite (form of motile parasite)
• Nasal Specimens: Not usually used for sinus infections.
• Safe Injection Practices: Placement of the used syringe should be avoided on the patient's bedside table.
• Throat Culture Procedure: Swab both tonsils and the back of the mouth (not the tongue sides).
• Resident Flora Removal: False - Resident flora are hard to be removed with hand hygiene
• Infection Waste Handling: Infectious waste containing body fluids or materials should be treated properly and handled safely to prevent further infection.
• Specimen Documentation: Crucial information such as date, time, and source of collection.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Gloves are crucial when performing wound care, drawing blood, and during other laboratory work.