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Questions and Answers
Which protein digestion process primarily occurs in the stomach?
Which protein digestion process primarily occurs in the stomach?
What color does the Biuret test produce in the presence of peptides?
What color does the Biuret test produce in the presence of peptides?
Which of the following amino acid tests yields a yellow-orange color upon successful detection?
Which of the following amino acid tests yields a yellow-orange color upon successful detection?
Which of the following nucleotide bases pairs with adenine in DNA?
Which of the following nucleotide bases pairs with adenine in DNA?
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What color indicates a positive result in the presence of sulfur-containing amino acids using lead acetate?
What color indicates a positive result in the presence of sulfur-containing amino acids using lead acetate?
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Which of the following correctly categorizes the number of monomer units in oligosaccharides?
Which of the following correctly categorizes the number of monomer units in oligosaccharides?
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What distinguishes reducing sugars from non-reducing sugars?
What distinguishes reducing sugars from non-reducing sugars?
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Which of the following statements about isomerism is true?
Which of the following statements about isomerism is true?
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Which test can be used to determine the presence of reducing sugars?
Which test can be used to determine the presence of reducing sugars?
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How many classes are represented when Glu + Fru + Gal are combined?
How many classes are represented when Glu + Fru + Gal are combined?
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In the context of saccharides, what does the term 'tautomer' refer to?
In the context of saccharides, what does the term 'tautomer' refer to?
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Which of the following polysaccharides is classified as a non-reducing sugar?
Which of the following polysaccharides is classified as a non-reducing sugar?
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What is the specific characteristic of enantiomers?
What is the specific characteristic of enantiomers?
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Which glycosaminoglycan is known for being the most common and abundant in the human body?
Which glycosaminoglycan is known for being the most common and abundant in the human body?
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Which form of phosphorylation does not require oxygen?
Which form of phosphorylation does not require oxygen?
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Which glycosaminoglycan is characterized by being the only extracellular type?
Which glycosaminoglycan is characterized by being the only extracellular type?
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Which of the following enzymes is associated with the conversion of PEP to Pyruvate?
Which of the following enzymes is associated with the conversion of PEP to Pyruvate?
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Which biochemical process involves the formation of NADH as a product?
Which biochemical process involves the formation of NADH as a product?
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Which type of biochemical metabolism is primarily responsible for biosynthesis?
Which type of biochemical metabolism is primarily responsible for biosynthesis?
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How many ATP molecules are generated from substrate level phosphorylation during specific reactions?
How many ATP molecules are generated from substrate level phosphorylation during specific reactions?
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Which of the following statements about Hyaluronic acid is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about Hyaluronic acid is incorrect?
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During glycolysis, which enzyme is specifically responsible for the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate?
During glycolysis, which enzyme is specifically responsible for the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate?
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How many steps in glycolysis are considered irreversible?
How many steps in glycolysis are considered irreversible?
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Which of the following correctly describes the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase?
Which of the following correctly describes the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase?
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In anaerobic glycolysis, what is the final product formed from pyruvate?
In anaerobic glycolysis, what is the final product formed from pyruvate?
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What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis per glucose molecule when no oxygen is present?
What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis per glucose molecule when no oxygen is present?
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Which shuttle system produces the greatest ATP during the transport of electrons from NADH?
Which shuttle system produces the greatest ATP during the transport of electrons from NADH?
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Where does gluconeogenesis primarily occur in the human body?
Where does gluconeogenesis primarily occur in the human body?
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Which of the following is not a step in the glycolytic pathway?
Which of the following is not a step in the glycolytic pathway?
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What type of mutation results in a different amino acid being produced?
What type of mutation results in a different amino acid being produced?
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Which RNA type is primarily responsible for carrying genetic messages?
Which RNA type is primarily responsible for carrying genetic messages?
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What is the percentage of total RNA in a cell that is made up of rRNA?
What is the percentage of total RNA in a cell that is made up of rRNA?
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Which vitamin is known for its role in antioxidant activity and may cause neurologic dysfunctions if deficient?
Which vitamin is known for its role in antioxidant activity and may cause neurologic dysfunctions if deficient?
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What form of mutation leads to an early stop codon in the translation process?
What form of mutation leads to an early stop codon in the translation process?
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Which of the following conditions is related to a deficiency of Vitamin D?
Which of the following conditions is related to a deficiency of Vitamin D?
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Which compound acts as a precursor to Vitamin A and is known for its antioxidant properties?
Which compound acts as a precursor to Vitamin A and is known for its antioxidant properties?
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In sickle cell anemia, what change in the red blood cells occurs?
In sickle cell anemia, what change in the red blood cells occurs?
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What is the primary reason for maintaining quality in crude drug preservation?
What is the primary reason for maintaining quality in crude drug preservation?
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Fumigation of crude drugs can be achieved using which of the following agents?
Fumigation of crude drugs can be achieved using which of the following agents?
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Which of the following storage conditions is appropriate for resins?
Which of the following storage conditions is appropriate for resins?
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What is the temperature needed to preserve crude drugs when heating is applied?
What is the temperature needed to preserve crude drugs when heating is applied?
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Which of the following is a common method used to verify the quality and purity of a crude drug?
Which of the following is a common method used to verify the quality and purity of a crude drug?
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Crude drugs collected from which source are likely to ensure the true natural source of active ingredients?
Crude drugs collected from which source are likely to ensure the true natural source of active ingredients?
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What defines the timing for the collection of crude drugs?
What defines the timing for the collection of crude drugs?
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Which of the following solvents is commonly used for the storage condition of fats?
Which of the following solvents is commonly used for the storage condition of fats?
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Study Notes
Biochemistry & Pharmacognossy
- Biochemistry is the science that deals with the chemical basis of life.
- Biomolecular study is a core part of biochemistry.
- Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are key biomolecules.
- The cell is the basic unit of all living things.
- Cell membranes are semi-permeable and amphiphilic.
- Integral proteins are embedded within cell membranes, while peripheral proteins are outside.
- Ribosomes are the actual sites of protein synthesis (70S in bacteria, 80S in humans).
- Endoplasmic reticulum has rough and smooth regions; rough ER is involved in protein synthesis, and smooth ER, lipid synthesis.
- Lysosomes have hydrolytic enzymes for digesting foreign substances.
- Peroxisomes detoxify reactive oxygen species.
- Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and lipids.
- Organelles are the 'little organs' within cells with specific functions.
- Ribosomes direct protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
- Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins and lipids.
- Lysosomes digest cellular waste and foreign material.
- Mitochondria produce energy for the cell.
- Centrosomes regulate the cell cycle.
- Nucleus controls cellular activities and contains DNA.
- Nucleolus is the site of ribosome assembly.
- Carbohydrates are polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones with building blocks of monosaccharides.
- The cell contains various organelles each with specific functions.
- Mitochondria perform cellular respiration.
- The cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus.
- Carbohydrates have 2 types of isomerism (enantiomers & anomers).
- Carbohydrates have different forms (monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides).
- Pyranose and furanose are ring structures of monosaccharides.
- Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions.
- Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis are pathways for glucose metabolism (metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body).
- Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate (anaerobic respiration).
- Citric acid and Krebs cycle are part of cellular energy production (aerobic respiration).
- Electron transport chain (ETC) produces ATP.
- Glycogenolysis and glycogenisis are involved in glucose storage and release.
- Glycogenolysis breaks down glycogen to glucose, while glycogenesis creates glycogen from glucose.
- Metabolism involves catabolism (breaking down) and anabolism (building up).
- Amphibolism is an interplay between catabolism and anabolism.
Pharmacognossy
- Study of natural drugs and their origins
- Includes aspects of plant, animal, and mineral origins.
- Examines various scientific disciplines simultaneously (e.g., biology, chemistry).
- Crude drugs are natural substances that have undergone collection and drying.
- Extraction processes use solvents, such as hexane, alcohol or acetone for different types of active principals.
- Garbling (removing impurities) is a final step before preserving crude drugs.
- Active ingredients need to be preserved and stored in proper storage conditions.
- Crude drugs should undergo quality control.
- Quality control can include macroscopic evaluation (visual inspection), microscopic evaluation (using a microscope) and biologic evaluation (using animals to test for pharmacologic or toxic effects).
- Chemical methods like qualitative and quantitative testing are used to detect active principles in crude drugs.
- Important tests for carbohydrates (Benedict's, Molisch, Bial's, Seliwanoff's, Benedict's) and lipids and proteins can be used to identify and determine the amount of these principals.
- Some plants contain glycosides, resins, volatile oils etc.
- Carbohydrates have a vital role in a cellular process.
- Glycosides, resins, volatile oils (aromatic compounds) etc., are constituents of important organic compounds in plants.
- Lipids are crucial in the structure and function of biological membranes and also serve various other biological functions.
- Vitamins, and cofactors are useful for metabolism that can be derived from natural resources.
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Description
Test your knowledge on protein and carbohydrate digestion processes, the color changes in various biochemical tests, and the classification of sugars. This quiz covers essential concepts related to amino acids, nucleotide bases, and saccharide structures. Enhance your understanding of biochemistry through interactive questions!
