Biology Chapter 5 - Protein and Carbohydrate Tests

The most common and abundant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) found in cartilage, ligaments, and tendons, among other tissues.

A heterogeneous glycosaminoglycan (GAG).

A type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) found in skin, heart valves, and blood vessels.

An unsulfated GAG not covalently bonded, acting as a lubricant and shock absorber.

An extracellular GAG found on cell surfaces.

An anticoagulant glycosaminoglycan (GAG).

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy.

The building up of complex molecules from simpler ones, often requiring energy.

A metabolic process that directly generates ATP from the substrate.

The metabolic process that produces ATP through chemiosmosis, reliant on oxygen.

A chemical process where a molecule is broken down by reaction with water.

Simple sugars containing one monomer unit.

Carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide units.

Carbohydrates containing 3 to 10 monosaccharid units.

Carbohydrates composed of more than 10 monosaccharide units.

Molecules that are mirror images of each other but are non-superimposable.

Sugars that can donate electrons to another substance.

Isomers that differ only in the configuration of the hydroxyl group at the anomeric carbon.

Sugars that differ in the configuration of the hydroxyl group at only one carbon atom.

The change in the optical rotation of a sugar solution over time due to the conversion between α and β anomeric forms.

Isomerism where the carbonyl group (C=O) is either an aldehyde or a ketone.

A chemical test used to detect reducing sugars.

A chemical test used to detect reducing sugars.

An organelle responsible for energy production in the cell.

A key intermediate molecule in metabolism, produced from glucose breakdown (glycolysis).

A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate.

Glycolysis occurring without oxygen; produces 2 ATP per glucose.

The metabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

A mechanism for transferring reducing equivalents (NADH) from glycolysis into the mitochondrial electron transport chain.

A mechanism for transferring reducing equivalents (NADH) from glycolysis into the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Provides more ATP than the G3P shuttle.

A central metabolic pathway that generates energy-carrying molecules (NADH, FADH2) ; a series of redox reactions.

A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane, responsible for producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

Protein digestion begins in the stomach.

Protein digestion ends in the small intestine.

Peptidases (proteases) are enzymes involved in protein digestion.

Detects amino groups in proteins using a ninhydrin test.

A chemical test to detect peptides in proteins.

Identifies aromatic amino acids (e.g., F, Y, W) in proteins.

Detects the presence of tyrosine in proteins.

Used to detect tryptophan (W) in proteins.

Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides.

Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.

Adenine pairs with Thymine (2 hydrogen bonds), and Guanine pairs with Cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds).

Fats should be stored using hexane.

Resins should be stored using alcohol.

Chlorophyll should be stored using acetone.

Chrysarobin should be stored using hot benzene.

Plants introduced and growing in a foreign country.

Plants that are native to a particular country.

Maintaining the quality of crude drugs.

Temperature is needed for crude drug preservation.

Heating is needed to preserve crude drugs at 65°C.

Crude drugs can be subjected to fumigation using Methyl Bromide.

Chloroform or Carbon tetrachloride are used as solvents for fumigation.

Collecting crude drugs from wild or cultivated plants.

Drug quality and quantity depend on when plants are harvested.

Assessing the quality and purity of crude drugs to identify them.

Evaluating crude drugs using the senses (smell, sight, touch).

A type of mutation where a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine, or vice-versa.

Bacterial ribosome, composed of 50S and 30S subunits.

The interaction site for aminoglycoside antibiotics on a bacterial ribosome.

Genetic disease causing abnormal hemoglobin, leading to crescent-shaped red blood cells.

Genetic messenger carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Structural component of ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis.

Transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

A mutation in the DNA sequence that does not alter the final amino acid sequence of the protein.

A mutation that changes one amino acid in the resulting protein.

A mutation that results in a premature stop codon (a protein termination signal), thus producing a shorter, non-functional protein.

Breakdown of RNA types in a cell: mRNA (5%), rRNA (80%), tRNA (15%).

Vitamin A precursor, an antioxidant that helps prevent dry conjunctiva (xerophthalmia).

Ergocalciferol, a form of Vitamin D synthesized by plants, involved in calcium balance and preventing rickets.

Cholecalciferol, a form of Vitamin D synthesized in skin by sunlight, crucial for calcium balance and preventing osteomalacia.

Alpha-tocopherol, an antioxidant protecting cells from damage and involved in red blood cell function.

Phylloquinone, essential for blood clotting, preventing hemorrhages.