Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Polysaccharides probably did not play an important role in the origin of life because __________.

they cannot serve as a template for replication

In the experiment investigating cell-cell recognition between egg and sperm, what part of egg-surface glycoproteins was recognized by sperm?

Carbohydrate portion

Which of the following carbohydrates has a structural role?

  • Glycogen
  • Sucrose
  • Cellulose (correct)
  • Starch

    • Which chemical formula could represent a monosaccharide?

    <p>C3H6O3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a monosaccharide's carbonyl group is on an internal carbon, then the monosaccharide is __________.

    <p>a ketose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell types have the same glycoproteins on their surfaces?

    <p>None; each cell type has distinctive glycoproteins on its surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between amylose and amylopectin?

    <p>Amylose is a straight-chain polymer of glucose, whereas amylopectin is highly branched.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the hexoses glucose and galactose differ from one another?

    <p>They differ in the spatial arrangement of their hydroxyl groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrates are made up of which of the following monomers?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can animals easily degrade starch but not cellulose?

    <p>Animals have the enzymes to degrade α-1,4-glycosidic bonds but not β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The predominant form of glucose dissolved in an aqueous solution is __________.

    <p>the ring configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The extensive hydrogen bonding found among parallel glucose polymers of cellulose enables it to function in plants as a(n) __________.

    <p>structural polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When cells need energy, reactions break down __________ in the cell and capture the released energy by synthesizing __________.

    <p>glucose; ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important function of glycoproteins in animal cells?

    <p>Glycoproteins are important in cell-cell recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Simple sugars can differ from one another in which of the following ways?

    <p>The location of their carbonyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the carbohydrate portions of glycoproteins normally found?

    <p>On the exterior surface of the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disaccharides are formed by joining together two monosaccharides in condensation reactions. The bond formed between these monomers is called __________.

    <p>a glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _________ are enzymes that help catalyze the hydrolysis of α-glycosidic bonds in glycogen, whereas ________ are enzymes that help catalyze the hydrolysis of α-glycosidic bonds in starch.

    <p>Phosphorylases; Amylases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between peptidoglycans, which are found in the cell walls of prokaryotes, and chitin, which are found in the exoskeletons of insects?

    <p>Parallel strands of glucosamines in chitin are cross-linked by hydrogen bonds, whereas parallel strands of peptidoglycan are linked by peptide bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monosaccharides differ from one another in __________.

    <p>whether they contain an aldose or a ketose group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What carbohydrate are the microbes digesting and what kind of enzyme do they need?

    <p>cellulose; an enzyme to hydrolyze β-1,4-glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the disaccharide, what would indicate that a six-carbon sugar is a disaccharide composed of two trioses and not a hexose?

    <p>The molecular formula would be C6H10O5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polysaccharides contains a modified monosaccharide?

    <p>Chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate is involved in the storage of energy?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately compares the different polysaccharides?

    <p>Chitin, cellulose, and peptidoglycan consist of long, parallel strands linked to one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrates are important in __________.

    <p>supplying sugars found in DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polysaccharide helps fecal material move through the intestinal tract, thus preventing constipation?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate is the common name for a polysaccharide with β-glucose monomers that humans cannot digest?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the structure of starch different from that of cellulose?

    <p>Starch has α-glucose monomers, whereas cellulose has β-glucose monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements explains the energy potential of electrons in the C-O bonds in carbohydrates?

    <p>There is relatively low potential energy in the C-O bond because of oxygen's high electronegativity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements explains the energy potential of electrons involved in the C-H bonds in carbohydrates?

    <p>They are shared equally, thus these electrons have high potential energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monomers link to form cellulose?

    <p>β-glucose, with alternating orientations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bond connecting two monomer subunits in a carbohydrate?

    <p>Glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a glycoprotein different from glycogen?

    <p>Glycoproteins are proteins bound to small carbohydrate chains, whereas glycogen is always made of glucose monomers and does not contain protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an energy-storage molecule in plants?

    <p>Amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these carbohydrates has the most branching?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If one monomer has the structure C6H12O6 and the other C3H6O3, what is the structural formula of the resulting disaccharide?

    <p>C9H16O8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a direct end product of photosynthesis or a derivative of a product of photosynthesis?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors differentiates monosaccharides?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Three monomers link together to make cellulose. What is the chemical formula of the cellulose product?

    <p>C18H32O16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is essential for forming chitin and peptidoglycan but not starch or cellulose?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What monomers comprise a glycoprotein, and what is a glycoprotein's function in the cell?

    <p>Amino acids and monosaccharides; cell identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monomers link to form starch?

    <p>α-glucose, all with the same orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two monomers link to form lactose?

    <p>β-galactose and β-glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the structure of cellulose different from that of peptidoglycan?

    <p>Cellulose is made of β-glucose monomers, whereas peptidoglycan is made of two monosaccharide monomers, one of which is modified by amino acid chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules is a structural carbohydrate in plants?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Three monomers link together to make glycogen. What is the chemical formula of the glycogen product?

    <p>C18H32O16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the two bonds has the greater amount of potential energy, C=O or C-H?

    <p>C-H because the electrons are equally shared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of bond connects two monomer subunits of glucose?

    <p>Nonpolar covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The storage form of carbohydrates in animals is __________; and in plants, it is __________.

    <p>glycogen; starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates glucose from galactose?

    <p>The spatial orientation of the hydroxyl group on the number four carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the structure of cellulose different from that of chitin?

    <p>Cellulose is made of β-glucose monomers linked in an alternating chain, whereas chitin is made of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) monomers linked in an alternating chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrons are shared equally in the C-C bonds in carbohydrates, meaning they have relatively high potential energy. Which of the following statements explains this energy potential?

    <p>Equal sharing leads to high potential energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following two bonds has the greater amount of potential energy and why?

    <p>C-H because carbon and hydrogen share electrons equally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be used to distinguish monosaccharides from one another?

    <p>The number of carbon atoms they contain and the orientations of their hydroxyl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the differences listed could be found among molecules of the same monosaccharide?

    <p>There is a difference in the orientation of a hydroxyl group in the ring form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three ways monosaccharides differ from one another?

    <p>the location of their carbonyl group, the orientations of their hydroxyl groups, the type of glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the differences listed here could be found among molecules of the same monosaccharide?

    <p>All of these differences can occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ functional group can always be found in a carbohydrate molecule.

    <p>hydroxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classes of macromolecules always contains a carbohydrate portion?

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sugar that has the chemical formula C5H10O5 would be characterized as _____.

    <p>a pentose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polymers that contain sugars may store hereditary information, store energy, or protect cells. Which of the following is correct?

    <p>(a), (b), and (c)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycogen is _____.

    <p>a polysaccharide found in animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

    <p>maltose + water...dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a source of lactose?

    <p>milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a polysaccharide?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

    <p>cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between two sugars in a disaccharide?

    <p>glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Galactosemia is a potentially fatal disease that occurs in humans who lack the enzyme that converts galactose to glucose. If you were a physician treating a person with this disease, which of the following would you have them exclude from their diet?

    <p>lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Predict how the structure of cellulose would change if all of the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages were changed to α-1,4-glycosidic linkages.

    <p>The α-glucose residues would all be oriented the same, and the molecule would coil into a helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysozyme, an enzyme found in human saliva, tears, and other secretions, catalyzes the hydrolysis of the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages in peptidoglycan. Predict the effect of this enzyme on bacteria.

    <p>The peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls begins to degrade, leading to the death of the bacteria and protecting against bacterial infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds chitin molecules together to be able to form a stiff protective armor in some animals?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What holds cellulose molecules together in bundles large enough to form fibers?

    <p>hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in cells?

    <p>Cell identity, energy storage, raw material source for synthesis, and structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a way that the various types of carbohydrates you ate during breakfast today are being used in your body right now?

    <p>They are broken down to produce ATP and raw materials for building other molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you hold a salty cracker in your mouth long enough, it will begin to taste sweet. What is responsible for this change in taste?

    <p>Amylase breaks down the starch in the cracker into glucose monomers that taste sweet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of molecules would have the highest capacity to store chemical energy?

    <p>A six-carbon molecule rich in C-H bonds, such as a lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You believe a bacterium is attaching to animal cells by binding to the carbohydrate portion of a specific glycoprotein. What result supports the hypothesis that the bacteria recognize the carbohydrate component of the animal glycoprotein?

    <p>Pretreatment with the carbohydrate component alone prevents bacteria attachment to the animal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Polysaccharides and Carbohydrates

    • Polysaccharides cannot serve as templates for replication, limiting their role in the origin of life.
    • Glycoproteins play crucial roles in cell communication; their carbohydrate portions are often short oligosaccharides, aiding in recognition during processes like fertilization between egg and sperm.

    Carbohydrate Structures

    • Cellulose has a structural role in plants, distinguishing it from other carbohydrates.
    • Monosaccharides, like glucose and galactose, differ in the spatial arrangement of hydroxyl groups and can be categorized as aldoses or ketoses based on the carbonyl group's position.
    • Starch, composed of alpha-glucose monomers, has both branched (amylopectin) and unbranched forms, while cellulose is made of beta-glucose monomers with alternating orientations, contributing to its structural properties.

    Enzymatic Processes

    • Animals can efficiently degrade starch due to enzymes acting on α-1,4-glycosidic bonds but lack the enzymes to break down the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds of cellulose.
    • Phosphorylases hydrolyze α-glycosidic bonds in glycogen, while amylases do so in starch.

    Functions of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates serve various functions, including energy storage (glycogen for animals, starch for plants), structural support (cellulose in plants), and serving as raw material for synthesis (sugars in DNA and RNA).
    • Fiber, primarily composed of cellulose, aids in digestive health by moving fecal material through the intestinal tract.

    Chemical Bonds and Potential Energy

    • The bond type connecting two monosaccharides in disaccharides is a glycosidic linkage, formed during condensation reactions.
    • C-H bonds in carbohydrates possess high potential energy due to equal sharing of electrons, unlike C-O bonds which have lower potential energy because of oxygen's higher electronegativity.

    Disorders and Dietary Considerations

    • Galactosemia patients must avoid lactose as they lack the enzyme necessary to convert galactose to glucose, leading to potentially fatal consequences.
    • Termites rely on symbiotic microbes to digest cellulose in wood as they lack the necessary enzymes themselves.

    Glycoproteins and Cell Function

    • Glycoproteins and their carbohydrate portions are found on the exterior surface of cell membranes and are essential for cell-cell recognition, identifying cells and facilitating communication.
    • Glycoproteins differ significantly from glycogen; the former are proteins with carbohydrate components, while glycogen is a glucose polymer without proteins.

    Structural Differences

    • The structure of cellulose differs from peptidoglycan; cellulose consists solely of β-glucose while peptidoglycan includes amino-acid modified monosaccharides.
    • Chitin and cellulose are both structural carbohydrates, but chitin includes nitrogen in its composition, forming tough exoskeletons in arthropods.

    Energy Storage in Nature

    • Glycogen serves as the primary energy-storage molecule in animals, while starch is the equivalent in plants.
    • The most abundant organic compound on Earth is cellulose, a key structural component in plant cell walls.

    Chemical Formulas and Monomer Composition

    • The chemical formula of a disaccharide composed of two trioses is C6H10O5, indicating its structure.
    • Various monomers link to form complex carbohydrates, with cellulose being constructed from β-glucose and starch from α-glucose.

    Distinguishing Carbohydrates

    • Monosaccharides can be distinguished based on the number of carbons, the placement of the carbonyl group, and the orientation of hydroxyl groups in the ring form.
    • Different carbohydrates can possess specific properties like solubility and reactivity, influencing their biological roles.

    Impact of Carbohydrates in Diet

    • Carbohydrates consumed in meals are broken down to produce ATP, providing energy for cellular processes.
    • Amylase in saliva initiates starch breakdown in the mouth, leading to a sweet taste from glucose release.

    Enzymatic Reactions in Microorganisms

    • Lysozyme catalyzes the degradation of bacterial peptidoglycan, aiding in the defense against infections by weakening cell walls.
    • The interaction between carbohydrates and bacterial glycoproteins can affect attachment and colonization, making understanding these interactions vital in microbiology.

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    Test your knowledge on key concepts from Biology Chapter 5 with these flashcards. Learn about polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and their roles in the origin of life and cell communication. Perfect for students preparing for exams or needing a study aid.

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