Biology Chapter 4 Self-Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

capsule

pili

cell wall (correct)

flagella

nucleoid region

The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.

plasma membrane

Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Whether or not the cell contains DNA

The presence or absence of a rigid cell wall

Whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes (correct)

Whether or not the cell carries out cellular metabolism

The presence or absence of ribosomes

Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?

central vacuole...storage Signup and view all the answers

Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is _____.

transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA Signup and view all the answers

The nuclear envelope is a single membrane, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the smooth ER?

calcium ion storage, poison detoxification, lipid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the rough ER?

protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of lysosomes?

macromolecule digestion, autophagy Signup and view all the answers

What proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes?

ER protein, lysosomal enzymes, insulin Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct?

Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of the endomembrane system. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events is associated with the breakdown of a food particle in a food vacuole?

Digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from the cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are?

microtubules Signup and view all the answers

Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by _____.

microtubules Signup and view all the answers

Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into?

microfilaments Signup and view all the answers

The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of?

microfilaments Signup and view all the answers

What organelle carries out cellular respiration?

mitochondrion Signup and view all the answers

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the?

nucleolus Signup and view all the answers

What is identical in structure to centrioles?

basal bodies Signup and view all the answers

What organelle produces H2O2 as a byproduct?

peroxisome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Movement of RNA molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials?

Tight junctions Signup and view all the answers

The primary role of ____ is to bind animal cells together.

desmosomes Signup and view all the answers

__________ aid in the coordination of activities of adjacent animal cells.

gap junctions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about extracellular structures (plant cell walls and the extracellular matrix of animal cells) is correct?

Information can be transmitted from these extracellular structures to the cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

What molecule does not cross the nuclear membrane?

DNA Signup and view all the answers

The nuclear envelope is continuous with the.

ER Signup and view all the answers

Large proteins containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) bind to the nuclear pore and enter the nucleus without any expenditure of energy.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the experiment with Nucleoplasmin?

Only one of the two fusion proteins possesses a nuclear localization signal. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is not part of the endomembrane system?

Chloroplast Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?

Mitochondrion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

Ribosome Signup and view all the answers

Which structure-function pair is mismatched?

Microtubule and muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

Cyanide binds to at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the _____

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

ER to Golgi to vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes?

Phagocytic White Blood Cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the simplest collection of matter that can live?

Cell Signup and view all the answers

A researcher wants to film the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Which type of microscope should she choose and why is it the best choice?

Light because specimen is alive Signup and view all the answers

Cell fractionation _____

Separates cells into their component parts Signup and view all the answers

Consider two cells with the same volume but with very different surface areas due to differences in their shapes. The cell with the larger surface area is likely to _____

be involved in the rapid uptake of compounds from the cell's environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is/are likely to limit the maximum size of a cell?

All are correct Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found in eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through _____

The Plasma Membrane Signup and view all the answers

In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized, which allows for specialization Signup and view all the answers

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they _____

have no membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features for prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?

Ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

In addition to the fundamental structures required to be defined as a cell, a particular cell also has a nucleus and chloroplasts. Based on this information, this cell could be _____

a protistal cell and a plant cell Signup and view all the answers

A dish of animal cells was grown in the presence of radioactive phosphorous. The phosphorous largely ended up in nucleotides inside the actively growing animal cells. In which cellular structure(s) would you predict the majority of the radioactive phosphorous to accumulate?

the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?

Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell?

Ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is unlikely to show enhanced abundance in pancreatic cells that secrete large amounts of digestive enzymes?

Free Cytoplasmic Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following categories best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Manufacturing Signup and view all the answers

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to _____

secrete a lot of protein Signup and view all the answers

A researcher made an interesting observation about a protein made by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and eventually found in a cell's plasma membrane. The protein in the plasma membrane was actually slightly different from the protein made in the ER. The protein was probably altered in the _____

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

Consider a protein that is made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. You observe that when the synthesis of the protein is completed, the protein is located in the ER membrane. Where else in the cell might this protein be found?

embedded in the plasma membrane functioning in the transport of molecules into the cell Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is/are most likely to be involved in the process of producing proteins for a chloroplast or mitochondrion?

Free Cytoplasmic Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized _____

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following five membranes is most likely to have a lipid composition that is distinct from the other four?

Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are thought to be of prokaryotic origin. One piece of evidence that supports this hypothesis is that these organelles contain prokaryotic-like ribosomes. These ribosomes are probably most similar to ribosomes found _____

in bacterial cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about chloroplasts and mitochondria is true?

Chloroplasts and mitochondria synthesize some of their own proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible reason for grouping the peroxisomes with chloroplasts and mitochondria?

None of these organelles are part of the endomembrane system. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is most likely to have the most mitochondria?

Muscle cells in the legs of a marathon runner Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is false?

Mitochondria contain ribosomes in the intermembrane space. Signup and view all the answers

The observation that chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain their own DNA and synthesize some of the proteins that function in these organelles suggests that chloroplasts and mitochondria _____

must divide each time the cell containing them divides Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is/are possible site(s) of protein synthesis in a typical eukaryotic cell?

The first three answers are correct. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles might be found inside other organelles?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Microtubules and microfilaments commonly work with which of the following to perform many of their functions?

None of the listed responses is correct. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found in animal cells but NOT plant cells?

Centrioles Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the cytoskeleton is true?

Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following?

motor proteins Signup and view all the answers

Where would you expect to find proteins involved with movement of structures within a cell?

cytoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?

cilia Signup and view all the answers

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through _____

plasmodesmata Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly compares the extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells to cell walls of plant cells?

Both the ECM and the plant cell wall are composed of varying mixtures of proteins and carbohydrates. Signup and view all the answers

Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why?

The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes a common characteristic of a plant cell wall and an animal cell extracellular matrix?

The first two answers are correct. Signup and view all the answers

The walls of plant cells are largely composed of polysaccharides and proteins that are synthesized _____

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

Fimbriae Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

protection Signup and view all the answers

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

nucleoid region Signup and view all the answers

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

on ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Endomembrane System and Cell Structures

Chloroplast is not part of the endomembrane system; it is unique to plant cells.
Mitochondrion is a common structure found in both plant and animal cells.
Ribosomes are present in prokaryotic cells, while structures like ER, chloroplasts, and nuclear envelopes are not.

Cell Functions and Pathways

Microtubules are mismatched with muscle contraction; they are involved in cell structure and transport.
Upon cyanide exposure, most will be found in mitochondria, the site of ATP production.
Newly synthesized proteins that are secreted follow the pathway: ER → Golgi → vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane.

Cellular Composition and Size

Lysosomes are best studied in phagocytic white blood cells due to their role in digestion.
A cell's size is limited by diffusion time and surface-to-volume ratio; larger surface areas facilitate rapid uptake of materials.

Distinctions Between Cell Types

Eukaryotic cells possess mitochondria, which prokaryotic cells lack.
The plasma membrane is essential for substance movement from outside the cell.
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized for specialization, a significant distinction from prokaryotic cells.

Organelles and Protein Synthesis

Ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER are integral in synthesizing molecules needed by cells.
Golgi apparatus modifies proteins before they go to the plasma membrane; proteins can also be embedded for transport functions.
Free cytoplasmic ribosomes synthesize proteins for mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, and Energy

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities suggesting a prokaryotic origin, including their own ribosomes comparable to those in bacteria.
Both organelles synthesize proteins necessary for their function, supported by their own DNA.

Cytoskeleton and Motility

Cytoskeleton components mediate organelle movement within the cytoplasm.
Cilia and flagella's movement is facilitated by motor proteins interacting with cytoskeletal components.

Cell Junctions and Extracellular Matrix

Plasmodesmata allow dye to enter adjacent plant cells; tight junctions prevent leakage in intestinal cells.
The extracellular matrix in animals and plant cell walls are diverse but share characteristics, including permeability to small solutes.

Bacterial Cell Structure

Fimbriae help bacteria adhere to surfaces, while capsules provide protection.
Bacteria have DNA in the nucleoid region, and proteins are synthesized in ribosomes.
The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane, serving as a rigid structure for support.

Genetic Information and Protein Synthesis

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane; polypeptide synthesis starts with DNA information transferring to mRNA.
The central vacuole functions primarily in storage within a plant cell.### Nuclear Envelope
Plasmodesmosomes within the nuclear envelope facilitate the exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
The nuclear envelope is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), allowing for direct communication between these organelles.
Proteins synthesized on ribosomes attached to the nuclear envelope are crucial for various cellular functions.
The outer layer of the nuclear envelope is lined with laminin, a key protein that contributes to its structural integrity.

Functions of Cell Organelles

Smooth ER: Responsible for calcium ion storage, detoxification of poisons, and lipid synthesis.
Rough ER: Primarily involved in protein synthesis due to its ribosome-bound structure.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins, a process known as cisternal maturation.
Lysosomes: Digest macromolecules and facilitate autophagy, the process of recycling cellular components.

Protein Synthesis and Processing

Ribosomes on the rough ER synthesize specific proteins, including ER proteins, lysosomal enzymes, and insulin.
Proteins destined for secretion are typically located within membrane-bound compartments in the endomembrane system.

Food Vacuoles

Digestion of food particles occurs in membrane-enclosed vesicles that keep the process separated from the cytoplasm, ensuring efficiency.

Cytoskeletal Elements

Microtubules: Facilitate movement in eukaryotic flagella, anchor organelles such as the nucleus, and serve as tracks for movement by motor proteins like myosin.
Microfilaments: Involved in the movement of pseudopodia in amoeba and the assembly of contractile structures in muscle cells.
Intermediate Filaments: Provide structural support without direct involvement in intracellular transport.

Membrane Junctions

Desmosomes: Anchor cells together, providing structural integrity against pulling forces.
Gap Junctions: Enable intercellular communication by forming small channels between adjacent cells.
Tight Junctions: Create a watertight seal between cells to control material passage.

Extracellular Structures

Extracellular structures in plants (cell walls) and animals (extracellular matrix) are important for protection and communication; they transmit signals to the cytoplasm.

Nuclear Envelope and Molecule Transport

The nuclear envelope is integral to cellular operations, maintaining a barrier that regulates the movement of substances, with DNA remaining within the nucleus.
Large proteins with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) require energy to transport into the nucleus, contradicting passive transport notions.

Experimental Findings

The study of nucleoplasmin and fusion proteins demonstrates that only one of the proteins possesses an NLS, indicating a selective mechanism for entry into the nucleus.

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Description

Test your knowledge with this self-quiz covering Chapter 4 concepts. Challenge yourself with questions about cellular structures, including comparisons between plant and animal cells. Perfect for mastering the key components of the endomembrane system and prokaryotic cells.