Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding prokaryotic cells?
Which drawing in the figure possesses an axial filament?
You are observing a Gram stain of spherical-shaped microorganisms that are linked in a chain and stain purple. How would you describe these bacteria using the correct terminology for the cell shape and arrangement?
Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized?
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Fimbriae and pili differ in that:
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Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the glycocalyx found in bacteria?
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Which of the following statements best describes what happens when a bacterial cell is placed in a solution containing 5% NaCl?
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By which of the following mechanisms can a cell transport a substance from a lower to a higher concentration?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE?
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The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion:
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Which of the following statements is correct about passive diffusion?
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In a hypertonic solution, a bacterial cell will typically:
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Which one of the following pairs is mismatched?
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The DNA found in most bacterial cells:
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A strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae is no longer able to synthesize its capsular polysaccharide. What is a likely outcome?
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A strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been genetically altered and can no longer produce fimbriae. What is a likely outcome?
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Which of the following organelles more closely resembles a prokaryotic cell?
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Which of the following eukaryotic organelles is correctly matched with its function?
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Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?
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The structural framework in a cell is the:
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Where in a cell is ATP made?
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What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?
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One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by:
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Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?
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Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?
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Where are lipids made in the cell?
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What structures act as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?
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Which statement best describes how streptomycin attacks bacterial cells?
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Why are Gram-negative bacteria resistant to the actions of penicillin?
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Which of the following is NOT a classic sign and/or symptom of a urinary tract infection?
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Study Notes
Prokaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells reproduce through binary fission and typically possess a circular chromosome.
- Lack membrane-bound organelles and a surrounding nuclear membrane.
- Have a plasma membrane; any statement claiming they lack one is incorrect.
Axial Filament
- Axial filament is represented by a thick swirl in diagrams, indicating its structural role in motility for certain bacteria.
Gram Stain Classification
- Bacteria that are spherical (cocci), linked in chains, and stain purple are classified as gram-positive streptococci.
Protection Against Phagocytosis
- The capsule structure is essential for protecting bacteria from being engulfed and destroyed by phagocytic cells.
Fimbriae and Pili
- Fimbriae and pili serve different functions; pili facilitate DNA transfer and motility, with typically only one or two present per bacterial cell.
Glycocalyx
- The glycocalyx is a viscous layer surrounding bacteria, made from polysaccharides and/or polypeptides, with a firm attachment enhancing virulence.
- Not all glycocalyx structures create a slippery coating that prevents surface attachment.
Osmotic Effects in Solutions
- When placed in a hypertonic solution (e.g., 5% NaCl), water will move out of the bacterial cell, potentially leading to plasmolysis.
Active Transport Mechanisms
- Active transport mechanisms allow substances to move from lower to higher concentrations, requiring energy expenditure.
Endospore Function
- Endospores provide a survival mechanism for bacteria under harsh environmental conditions without growth.
Diffusion Processes
- Facilitated diffusion requires transporter proteins, unlike simple diffusion which does not.
- Passive diffusion requires no energy as molecules move from higher to lower concentrations.
Hypertonic Solutions
- Bacterial cells placed in a hypertonic solution will experience plasmolysis due to water loss.
Cellular Inclusions
- Sulfur granules serve as energy reserves, while ribosomes should not be classified as carbon storage.
Bacterial DNA
- Most bacterial DNA is circular in structure and not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Loss of Capsular Polysaccharide
- A strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae unable to produce capsular polysaccharide will be more easily phagocytized by the host's immune system.
Fimbriae and Host Adhesion
- A genetic alteration that inhibits fimbriae production in Neisseria gonorrhoeae would hinder its ability to adhere to host tissues.
Prokaryotic-like Organelles
- The mitochondrion exhibits similarities to prokaryotic cells, hinting at evolutionary relationships.
Eukaryotic Organelle Functions
- The Golgi apparatus is involved in storage, while mitochondria are crucial for ATP production.
Genetic Storage in Cells
- The nucleus is the primary storage site for genetic information within a cell.
Cytoskeleton
- The cytoskeleton provides structural support and is essential for cell shape and movement.
ATP Production
- Mitochondria are responsible for ATP synthesis, key for energy provision in cells.
Protein Synthesis Instructions
- mRNA carries genetic instructions for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Differences in ER
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is distinguished from smooth ER by the presence of ribosomes.
Endomembrane System Components
- The Golgi apparatus is part of the endomembrane system, which organizes cell compartmentalization for specific functions.
Lysosomal Function
- Lysosomes play a critical role in degrading worn-out or damaged organelles within the cell.
Lipid Formation
- Lipids are synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, crucial for membrane formation and cellular functions.
Selective Barrier Functions
- The plasma membrane acts as a selective barrier, controlling material movement in and out of cells.
Streptomycin Mechanism
- Streptomycin disrupts bacterial protein synthesis by targeting the 70S ribosomes.
Gram-negative Resistance
- Gram-negative bacteria's resistance to penicillin stems from the inability of penicillin to penetrate their outer membrane.
Urinary Tract Infection Indicators
- Blood in urine is not typically a classic sign of a urinary tract infection, while abdominal discomfort, increased urgency to urinate, and painful urination are.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts related to prokaryotic cells as outlined in Chapter 4 of your biology studies. Participants will assess their understanding of prokaryotic cell structure and reproduction. Challenge your knowledge through these flashcards!
