Biology Chapter 4 Quiz

Prokaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic cells reproduce through binary fission and typically possess a circular chromosome.
• Lack membrane-bound organelles and a surrounding nuclear membrane.
• Have a plasma membrane; any statement claiming they lack one is incorrect.

Axial Filament

• Axial filament is represented by a thick swirl in diagrams, indicating its structural role in motility for certain bacteria.

Gram Stain Classification

• Bacteria that are spherical (cocci), linked in chains, and stain purple are classified as gram-positive streptococci.

Protection Against Phagocytosis

• The capsule structure is essential for protecting bacteria from being engulfed and destroyed by phagocytic cells.

Fimbriae and Pili

• Fimbriae and pili serve different functions; pili facilitate DNA transfer and motility, with typically only one or two present per bacterial cell.

Glycocalyx

• The glycocalyx is a viscous layer surrounding bacteria, made from polysaccharides and/or polypeptides, with a firm attachment enhancing virulence.
• Not all glycocalyx structures create a slippery coating that prevents surface attachment.

Osmotic Effects in Solutions

• When placed in a hypertonic solution (e.g., 5% NaCl), water will move out of the bacterial cell, potentially leading to plasmolysis.

Active Transport Mechanisms

• Active transport mechanisms allow substances to move from lower to higher concentrations, requiring energy expenditure.

Endospore Function

• Endospores provide a survival mechanism for bacteria under harsh environmental conditions without growth.

Diffusion Processes

• Facilitated diffusion requires transporter proteins, unlike simple diffusion which does not.
• Passive diffusion requires no energy as molecules move from higher to lower concentrations.

Hypertonic Solutions

• Bacterial cells placed in a hypertonic solution will experience plasmolysis due to water loss.

Cellular Inclusions

• Sulfur granules serve as energy reserves, while ribosomes should not be classified as carbon storage.

Bacterial DNA

• Most bacterial DNA is circular in structure and not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Loss of Capsular Polysaccharide

• A strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae unable to produce capsular polysaccharide will be more easily phagocytized by the host's immune system.

Fimbriae and Host Adhesion

• A genetic alteration that inhibits fimbriae production in Neisseria gonorrhoeae would hinder its ability to adhere to host tissues.

Prokaryotic-like Organelles

• The mitochondrion exhibits similarities to prokaryotic cells, hinting at evolutionary relationships.

Eukaryotic Organelle Functions

• The Golgi apparatus is involved in storage, while mitochondria are crucial for ATP production.

Genetic Storage in Cells

• The nucleus is the primary storage site for genetic information within a cell.

Cytoskeleton

• The cytoskeleton provides structural support and is essential for cell shape and movement.

ATP Production

• Mitochondria are responsible for ATP synthesis, key for energy provision in cells.

Protein Synthesis Instructions

• mRNA carries genetic instructions for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Differences in ER

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is distinguished from smooth ER by the presence of ribosomes.

Endomembrane System Components

• The Golgi apparatus is part of the endomembrane system, which organizes cell compartmentalization for specific functions.

Lysosomal Function

• Lysosomes play a critical role in degrading worn-out or damaged organelles within the cell.

Lipid Formation

• Lipids are synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, crucial for membrane formation and cellular functions.

Selective Barrier Functions

• The plasma membrane acts as a selective barrier, controlling material movement in and out of cells.

Streptomycin Mechanism

• Streptomycin disrupts bacterial protein synthesis by targeting the 70S ribosomes.

Gram-negative Resistance

• Gram-negative bacteria's resistance to penicillin stems from the inability of penicillin to penetrate their outer membrane.

Urinary Tract Infection Indicators

• Blood in urine is not typically a classic sign of a urinary tract infection, while abdominal discomfort, increased urgency to urinate, and painful urination are.

This quiz focuses on key concepts related to prokaryotic cells as outlined in Chapter 4 of your biology studies. Participants will assess their understanding of prokaryotic cell structure and reproduction. Challenge your knowledge through these flashcards!