Biology Chapter 34 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a pseudo-ruminant?

  • Cow
  • Deer
  • Horse (correct)
  • Goat

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

  • Cows do not have upper teeth
  • Birds eat large quantities at one time so that they can fly long distances (correct)
  • In pseudo-ruminants, roughage is digested in the cecum
  • Roughage takes a long time to digest

The acidic nature of chyme is neutralized by ________.

bicarbonates

The digestive juices from the liver are delivered to the ________.

<p>duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

<p>Vitamin C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary fuel for the body?

<p>carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excess glucose is stored as ________.

<p>glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the majority of protein digestion take place?

<p>stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipases are enzymes that break down ________.

<p>lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone controls the release of bile from the gallbladder?

<p>CCK</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stops acid secretion in the stomach?

<p>somatostatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the polygastric digestive system aid in digesting roughage?

<p>Animals with a polygastric digestive system have a multi-chambered stomach that breaks down cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an alimentary canal?

<p>Tubular digestive system with a mouth and anus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bile?

<p>Digestive juice produced by the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is bile important?

<p>Essential for fat digestion and absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a carnivore?

<p>Animal that consumes animal flesh</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chyme?

<p>A mixture of partially digested food and stomach juices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What epithelial tissue makes up the stomach?

<p>Simple columnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

What epithelial tissue forms the lining of the mouth?

<p>Stratified squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

What epithelial tissue forms the saliva glands?

<p>Cuboidal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do herbivores have large cecums?

<p>Plants are hard to digest so the cecum stores food material where bacteria break down cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cecum?

<p>Fermentation pouch connected to the small and large intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the esophagus?

<p>Tubular organ that connects mouth to stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gallbladder?

<p>Organ that stores and concentrates bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gastrovascular cavity?

<p>Digestive system with a single opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the gastrovascular cavity?

<p>Chamber within which extracellular digestion of prey occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gizzard?

<p>Muscular organ that grinds food</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the large intestine?

<p>Digestive system that reabsorbs water from undigested material and processes waste matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the liver?

<p>Organ that produces bile for digestion and processes vitamins and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pancreas?

<p>A gland that secretes digestive juices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pepsin?

<p>A hydrochloric enzyme found in the stomach that digests protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is peristalsis?

<p>Wave-like muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a ruminant?

<p>Animal with 4 stomachs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is salivary amylase?

<p>Enzyme found in saliva, which converts carbohydrates to maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the small intestine?

<p>Organ where digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates is completed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sphincter?

<p>Band of muscle that controls movement of materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Alimentary Canal

A tubular digestive system that includes a mouth and anus.

Gastrovascular Cavities

Single-opening digestive systems that enable extracellular digestion.

Chyme

A mixture of partially digested food and stomach juices, neutralized by bicarbonates.

Bile

A fluid produced by the liver, essential for fat digestion and absorption, stored in the gallbladder before release.

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Liver

The organ that produces bile and processes lipids and vitamins, vital for digestion and metabolism.

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Pancreatic Juices

Digestive juices secreted by the pancreas, important for digesting proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

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Digestion

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

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Absorption

The process of taking in nutrients from digested food.

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Excretion

The process of eliminating waste products from the body.

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Carnivore

An animal that primarily consumes other animals for sustenance.

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Ruminants

Animals that possess multiple stomach chambers, aiding in the fermentation of food.

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Cecum

A large pouch in the digestive system of certain herbivores, like horses, that helps break down cellulose.

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Pseudo-ruminants

Animals with a four-chamber stomach, like cows, allowing efficient digestion of plant materials.

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Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions that propel food through the digestive tract.

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Salivary Amylase

The first stage of carbohydrate digestion, occurring in the mouth.

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Carbohydrates

The primary fuel source for the body, with excess glucose stored as glycogen.

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Vitamin C

A water-soluble vitamin essential for various bodily functions.

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Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A hormone that controls the release of bile from the gallbladder.

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Somatostatin

A hormone that inhibits acid secretion in the stomach.

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Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue

The tissue lining the stomach, made up of columnar cells.

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Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

The tissue lining the mouth, made up of flat, overlapping cells.

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Esophagus

The organ that connects the mouth to the stomach, facilitating the passage of food.

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Large Intestine

The part of the digestive system that reabsorbs water from undigested materials and processes waste.

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Pepsin

The enzyme in the stomach that helps break down proteins.

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Protein Digestion

The process of breaking down protein into smaller molecules.

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Gizzard

A muscular organ that grinds food mechanically, found in certain animals.

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Polygastric Stomach

The four-chambered stomach of ruminants, including the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum.

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Rumen

The first chamber of the ruminant stomach, where food is fermented.

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Reticulum

The second chamber of the ruminant stomach, where food is further broken down.

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Omasum

The third chamber of the ruminant stomach, where water is absorbed.

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Abomasum

The fourth and final chamber of the ruminant stomach, similar to a monogastric stomach.

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Study Notes

Digestive Systems and Functionality

  • Pseudo-ruminants, like horses, digest roughage in the cecum, which aids in breaking down cellulose.
  • Ruminants possess a polygastric digestive system with four stomach compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, allowing efficient digestion of plant materials.
  • The alimentary canal refers to a tubular digestive system that includes a mouth and anus.
  • Gastrovascular cavities are single-opening digestive systems that enable extracellular digestion.

Key Digestion Components

  • Chyme is a mixture of partially digested food and stomach juices, neutralized by bicarbonates.
  • Bile, produced by the liver, is essential for fat digestion and absorption, stored in the gallbladder before release.
  • The pancreas secretes digestive juices important for digesting proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

Protein and Nutrient Digestion

  • Most protein digestion occurs in the stomach, facilitated by the enzyme pepsin.
  • The majority of carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth with saliva containing salivary amylase, which converts carbohydrates to maltose.
  • Carbohydrates serve as the primary fuel source for the body, with excess glucose stored as glycogen.

Vitamins and Hormones

  • Vitamin C is identified as a water-soluble vitamin critical for various bodily functions.
  • Hormones regulate digestive processes: CCK controls bile release from the gallbladder, while somatostatin inhibits acid secretion in the stomach.

Structural Components and Tissues

  • The stomach is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue, while the mouth features stratified squamous epithelial tissue.
  • Salivary glands consist of cuboidal epithelial tissue, playing a key role in digestion.

Additional Digestive Organs

  • The esophagus connects the mouth to the stomach, facilitating the passage of food.
  • The large intestine reabsorbs water from undigested materials and processes waste.
  • The liver produces bile and processes lipids and vitamins, vital for digestion and metabolism.
  • The gizzard, found in certain animals, grinds food mechanically.

Unique Digestion Strategies

  • Herbivores possess large cecums to store food for bacterial digestion, aiding breakdown of tough plant materials.
  • Peristalsis refers to the wave-like muscle contractions that propel food through the digestive tract.

Understanding Terminology

  • A carnivore is an animal that primarily consumes other animals for sustenance.
  • Ruminants are identified by their multiple stomach chambers, aiding in the fermentation of food.

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