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Questions and Answers
Match the following elements with their primary roles in living organisms:
Match the following elements with their primary roles in living organisms:
Oxygen = Makes up 96% of living matter Calcium = Essential for bone structure Nitrogen = Key component of amino acids Potassium = Regulates fluid balance
Match the following types of substances with their definitions:
Match the following types of substances with their definitions:
Element = A substance that can't be broken down Compound = A substance made of two or more different atoms Trace Element = An element present in small quantities Toxic Element = An element that can be harmful to living organisms
Match the following biological needs with the corresponding life forms:
Match the following biological needs with the corresponding life forms:
Humans = Need 25 elements to sustain life Plants = Need 17 elements to sustain life Animals = Evolved tolerance to toxic elements All living organisms = Require 20-25% of elements from the periodic table
Match the following groups of elements with their percentage contribution to living matter:
Match the following groups of elements with their percentage contribution to living matter:
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Match the following statements with their correct concepts:
Match the following statements with their correct concepts:
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Match the following elements with their group in living matter:
Match the following elements with their group in living matter:
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Match the following subatomic particles with their charges:
Match the following subatomic particles with their charges:
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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Match the following types of isotopes with their characteristics:
Match the following types of isotopes with their characteristics:
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Match the following scientific measurements with their descriptions:
Match the following scientific measurements with their descriptions:
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Match the following shells with their electron capacity:
Match the following shells with their electron capacity:
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Match the following particles with their location:
Match the following particles with their location:
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Match the following types of isotopes with their characteristics:
Match the following types of isotopes with their characteristics:
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Match the following forms of electron shells with their orbital shapes:
Match the following forms of electron shells with their orbital shapes:
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Match the following types of elements with their definition:
Match the following types of elements with their definition:
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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Match the following statements with their implications:
Match the following statements with their implications:
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Match the following terms with their occurrence in atoms:
Match the following terms with their occurrence in atoms:
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Match these processes with their outcomes:
Match these processes with their outcomes:
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Match the following types of energy with their characteristics:
Match the following types of energy with their characteristics:
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Match the following applications of radioactive isotopes with their use:
Match the following applications of radioactive isotopes with their use:
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Match the following types of chemical bonds with their characteristics:
Match the following types of chemical bonds with their characteristics:
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Match the following terms related to atomic structure:
Match the following terms related to atomic structure:
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Match the following pairs of chemical structures:
Match the following pairs of chemical structures:
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Match the following elemental properties:
Match the following elemental properties:
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Match the following statements about chemical reactions:
Match the following statements about chemical reactions:
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Match the following terms related to electron configuration:
Match the following terms related to electron configuration:
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Match the following chemical concepts with their explanations:
Match the following chemical concepts with their explanations:
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Match the following characteristics of atoms:
Match the following characteristics of atoms:
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Match the following bonding concepts:
Match the following bonding concepts:
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Match the following bonding types with examples:
Match the following bonding types with examples:
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Match the following chemical attributes:
Match the following chemical attributes:
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Match the following terms with their respective charges:
Match the following terms with their respective charges:
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Match the following chemical bond types with their descriptions:
Match the following chemical bond types with their descriptions:
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Match the following types of bonds with their features:
Match the following types of bonds with their features:
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Match the following molecular shapes with their bonding characteristics:
Match the following molecular shapes with their bonding characteristics:
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Match the following types of chemical interactions with their examples:
Match the following types of chemical interactions with their examples:
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Match the following statements about compounds with their appropriate terms:
Match the following statements about compounds with their appropriate terms:
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Match the following terms with their characteristics:
Match the following terms with their characteristics:
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Match the following types of covalent bonds with their examples:
Match the following types of covalent bonds with their examples:
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Match the following concepts with their applications:
Match the following concepts with their applications:
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Match the following chemical properties with their corresponding bonds:
Match the following chemical properties with their corresponding bonds:
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Match the following drug interactions with their structural similarities:
Match the following drug interactions with their structural similarities:
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Match the states of water with their properties:
Match the states of water with their properties:
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Match the following energy concepts with their definitions:
Match the following energy concepts with their definitions:
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Match the following types of bonds with their characteristics:
Match the following types of bonds with their characteristics:
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Match the following terms with their examples:
Match the following terms with their examples:
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Match the following temperatures with their comparative statements:
Match the following temperatures with their comparative statements:
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Match the following properties of water with their implications:
Match the following properties of water with their implications:
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Match the following chemical reaction elements with their outcomes:
Match the following chemical reaction elements with their outcomes:
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Match the following terms related to water with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms related to water with their correct definitions:
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Match the following components of solutions with their roles:
Match the following components of solutions with their roles:
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Match the following processes involving water with their descriptions:
Match the following processes involving water with their descriptions:
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Match the following concepts with their related characteristics:
Match the following concepts with their related characteristics:
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Match the following scientific terms with their corresponding values:
Match the following scientific terms with their corresponding values:
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Match the following aspects of water's behavior with their effects:
Match the following aspects of water's behavior with their effects:
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Match the following terms related to water molecules with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to water molecules with their definitions:
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Match the following thermal properties of water with their consequences:
Match the following thermal properties of water with their consequences:
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Match the following scientific concepts with their outcomes:
Match the following scientific concepts with their outcomes:
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Match the following types of energy with their descriptions:
Match the following types of energy with their descriptions:
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Match the following substances with their molecular mass:
Match the following substances with their molecular mass:
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Match the following terms with examples:
Match the following terms with examples:
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Match the following types of solutions with their descriptions:
Match the following types of solutions with their descriptions:
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Match the molecular properties with their characteristics:
Match the molecular properties with their characteristics:
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Match the following components of water's behavior with their results:
Match the following components of water's behavior with their results:
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Match the following types of thermodynamic quantities with their definitions:
Match the following types of thermodynamic quantities with their definitions:
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Match the following terms with their descriptions regarding water properties:
Match the following terms with their descriptions regarding water properties:
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Match each concept related to temperature regulation with its explanation:
Match each concept related to temperature regulation with its explanation:
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Match the following processes with their characteristics:
Match the following processes with their characteristics:
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Match types of heat transfer with their examples:
Match types of heat transfer with their examples:
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Match the following effects of water's properties with their descriptions:
Match the following effects of water's properties with their descriptions:
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Match the terms related to water's role in the environment with their implications:
Match the terms related to water's role in the environment with their implications:
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Match the following scenarios to their respective water properties:
Match the following scenarios to their respective water properties:
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Match the following types of heat exchange with examples in nature:
Match the following types of heat exchange with examples in nature:
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Match the terms associated with the behavior of water molecules with their functions:
Match the terms associated with the behavior of water molecules with their functions:
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Match the following acids/bases with their characteristics:
Match the following acids/bases with their characteristics:
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Match the following substances with their effects on pH:
Match the following substances with their effects on pH:
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Match the following molecules with their molecular mass in daltons:
Match the following molecules with their molecular mass in daltons:
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Match the following statements with their corresponding chemical concepts:
Match the following statements with their corresponding chemical concepts:
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Match the following ions with the processes they relate to:
Match the following ions with the processes they relate to:
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Match the following examples with their classifications:
Match the following examples with their classifications:
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Match the following chemical reactions with their outcomes:
Match the following chemical reactions with their outcomes:
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Match the following components of acid-base chemistry with their definitions:
Match the following components of acid-base chemistry with their definitions:
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Match the following pH values with their acidity levels:
Match the following pH values with their acidity levels:
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Match the following Avogadro's number concepts with their explanations:
Match the following Avogadro's number concepts with their explanations:
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Match the following types of molecules with their descriptions:
Match the following types of molecules with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Concept 2.1: Chemical Composition of Life
- Elements are basic substances that cannot be broken down further, forming the building blocks of all matter.
- Compounds are substances formed from two or more different bonded atoms.
- Life requires 20-25% of the 92 naturally occurring elements.
- Humans need 25 elements.
- Plants need 17 elements.
- Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter.
- Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur make up the remaining 4%.
- Trace elements are present in small quantities in specific organisms.
- Some naturally occurring elements are toxic, but organisms in these environments have evolved tolerance.
Concept 2.2: Atoms and Atomic Structure
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Atoms are the smallest units of elements.
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Subatomic particles include neutrons, protons, and electrons.
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Protons (positive charge) and electrons (negative charge) are electrically charged.
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Protons and neutrons are tightly packed into the atom's nucleus.
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Electrons orbit the nucleus, forming a region of negative charge.
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Atomic mass is measured in daltons.
- Neutrons and protons have a mass of 1 Dalton.
- Electrons have a significantly smaller mass (around 1/2000 of a Dalton), and are thus ignored in calculating atomic mass.
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Atomic number = number of protons (usually equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom).
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Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons.
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Atomic mass = average mass of all isotopes of an element, a decimal value reflecting the relative abundance of isotopes.
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Isotopes are atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons.
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Radioactive isotopes are unstable and release energy (e.g., heat) as their nuclei decay.
- The decay can convert one element into another.
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Radioactive tracers are used to track isotopes within organisms (e.g., PET scans).
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Half-life refers to the time it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to decay.
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Radiometric dating calculates the passage of half-lives since a fossil or rock formed.
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Atoms are mostly empty space.
- Electrons are involved in chemical reactions, not the nucleus.
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Energy is the capacity to cause change.
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Matter tends to move towards lower energy states (e.g., water flowing downhill).
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Electrons exist in specific energy levels (electron shells) around the nucleus, determined by distance.
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Energy absorption or release is required for electrons to move between electron shells.
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A chemical's behavior is dependent on its electron configuration.
- First shell holds 2 electrons, second shell holds 8
- Valence shell (outermost shell) and valence electrons dictate chemical behavior.
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Atoms with filled valence shells are largely unreactive.
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Orbitals are regions where an electron is most likely to be found (90% probability).
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The reactivity of an atom depends on the arrangement of unpaired electrons in its orbitals.
Concept 2.3: Chemical Bonds
- Chemical bonds form when atoms with incomplete electron shells interact to achieve a filled outer shell.
- Covalent bonds involve sharing electron pairs.
- Lewis dot structures show electron distribution as dots (e.g., H:H).
- Structural formulas use lines to represent bonds (e.g., H-H).
- Double bonds involve the sharing of two pairs of electrons.
- Valence is an atom's bonding capacity, determined by the number of electrons needed to fill its valence shell.
- Electronegativity measures an atom's attraction for shared electrons.
- Nonpolar covalent bonds form between atoms with similar electronegativity.
- Polar covalent bonds form between atoms with different electronegativity; the bond is then polarized.
- Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons.
- Cations are positively charged ions, anions are negatively charged ions.
- Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions.
- Salts are ionic compounds formed from ionic bonds.
- Ionic bonds are stronger in dry conditions but weaker when in solution.
- Weak chemical interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds, van der Waals) are crucial for molecular interactions in cells.
- Hydrogen bonds involve a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom.
- Van der Waals forces create temporary attractions between molecules.
- Molecular shape influences interactions with other molecules.
Concept 2.4: Chemical Reactions
- Chemical reactions involve bond formation and breaking.
- Reactants produce products.
- Mass is conserved in chemical reactions (atoms are rearranged).
- Reversible reactions occur when products can reform reactants.
- Reaction rates can be affected by reactant concentrations.
- Chemical equilibrium occurs when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.
Concept 3.1: Properties of Water
- Water's polarity results in hydrogen bonding, causing water molecules to attract each other.
- Hydrogen bonds in liquid water are constantly forming and breaking.
- Ice is less dense than liquid water due to hydrogen bonding in crystal structure.
- Water exhibits polar covalent bonds.
- Polarity describes molecules with unequal charge distributions.
Concept 3.2: Water's Unique Properties
- Cohesion is the attraction between like molecules (e.g. water molecules).
- Surface tension results from cohesion, creating a "skin".
- Adhesion is the clinging of one substance to another different substance (e.g., water to plant cells).
- High specific heat means water can absorb a substantial amount of heat before its temperature increases.
- Water resists temperature change.
- Hydrogen bonding is crucial to water's high specific heat, as breaking H-bonds requires considerable energy.
Concept 3.3: Water's Role as a Solvent
- Water is an excellent solvent.
- Water molecules surround dissolved substances leading to a hydration shell.
- Hydrophilic substances dissolve in water.
- Hydrophobic substances do not interact readily with water.
Additional Concepts
- Matter terms: Kinetic Energy, thermal energy, temperature, heat, calorie, kilocalorie, joule, specific heat
- Heat of vaporization describes energy needed to change liquid to gas.
- Solutions involve solutes dissolved in solvents.
- Molarity is a unit of concentration.
- Molecules have an associated mass determined by summing constituent atomic masses.
- Moles are a unit relating mass to the number of molecules (Avogadro's number).
- pH is related to H+ concentration.
- Buffers resist pH change and maintain homeostasis.
- Ocean acidification is a consequence of increased CO2 leading to lower pH in the oceans.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of chemical composition that are fundamental to life. This quiz covers the elements crucial for living organisms, the structure of atoms, and the role of subatomic particles. Test your understanding of how these elements contribute to biological processes.