Biology Chapter 17 Crossword Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is a cladogram?

A phylogenetic diagram used by cladists.

What does binomial nomenclature refer to?

The scientific system of naming organisms.

What is the domain Eukarya?

A domain that contains all organisms that have cells with a nucleus.

What does homologous mean in biology?

<p>Structures that taxonomists use to group organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What language is used for scientific naming?

<p>Latin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a species?

<p>A single kind of organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom contains plants?

<p>Plantae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are karyotypes used for?

<p>Analyzing pictures of chromosomes to group similar organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term embryo refer to?

<p>Similarities in the development of an early stage of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fossil?

<p>Evidence left millions of years ago by dead organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are classes in biological taxonomy?

<p>They make up different phyla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific name for humans?

<p>Homo sapiens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does derived mean in biology?

<p>A character that evolved within a certain group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a subspecies?

<p>Variations of a species that live in different geographic areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What domain contains most modern prokaryotes?

<p>Bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom contains mostly unicellular prokaryotic organisms?

<p>Protista.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a taxon?

<p>Any group or level used for classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is biodiversity?

<p>The variety of organisms at all levels from populations to ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two parts to the scientific name of an organism?

<p>Genus and species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Linnaeus?

<p>He grouped organisms into seven levels based on their structure and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How must the genus name be written?

<p>Capitalized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phylogenetics?

<p>A method used by modern taxonomists to determine evolutionary or ancestral relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is molecular cladistics?

<p>Cladistics that groups organisms by shared characteristics like amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common names?

<p>Not good names to use when trying to identify organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the newest taxonomic category added?

<p>Domain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a clade?

<p>A group that includes an ancestor and all its descendants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a family in biological classification?

<p>A subgroup of orders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first person to group organisms?

<p>Aristotle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does analogous mean in biology?

<p>Structures that show organisms are not closely related.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phylogenetic tree?

<p>A diagram similar to a family tree showing who is related to whom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the kingdom Animalia?

<p>The kingdom in which humans are found.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many domains exist in biology?

<p>Three.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a genus?

<p>A subgroup of families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom contains mushrooms and yeast?

<p>Fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the domain Archaebacteria?

<p>A domain containing ancient bacteria that live in harsh environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phyla the plural of?

<p>Phylum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cladogram?

<p>A diagram using shared and derived characteristics to group organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is taxonomy?

<p>The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is systematics?

<p>Classifying organisms in terms of their natural relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an order in biological classification?

<p>A subgroup of class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a shared character?

<p>A character in which all members of the group have in common.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is rough endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>ER with ribosomes attached to its surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hydrophobic tails?

<p>Tails of phospholipids that don't like water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are hydrophilic heads?

<p>Heads of phospholipids that are water-loving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cytoskeleton?

<p>Made of microtubules and microfilaments to support cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nuclear pores?

<p>Openings in the nuclear membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cell theory?

<p>The idea that all living things are made of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do lysosomes do?

<p>Digest worn-out cell parts and food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

From what do new cells form?

<p>Existing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cell wall made of?

<p>Cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a eukaryote?

<p>A cell with a true nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Golgi apparatus?

<p>System of flattened sacs that modify and package proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP?

<p>The energy molecule made inside the mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluid mosaic model?

<p>Model of the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are integral proteins?

<p>Proteins embedded inside the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytosol?

<p>Fluid that makes up the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cell shape determine?

<p>The function of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cilia?

<p>Short hair-like structures made of microtubules that help move cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are plastids?

<p>Organelles that contain pigments in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nucleolus?

<p>Organelle inside the nucleus that makes ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an organ system?

<p>A group of organs working together to perform a similar function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are peripheral proteins?

<p>Proteins attached to only one side of the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleoid?

<p>Region in bacteria where their chromosome is located.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cell volume as it grows?

<p>It grows faster than the surface of the cell, forcing it to divide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are centrioles?

<p>Structures present in animal cells to aid in cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>A system of membranes and tubes connecting the nuclear membrane and plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mitochondria?

<p>The site of cellular respiration in cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central vacuole?

<p>The largest organelle in plant cells containing the cell sap.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a ribosome?

<p>Made of RNA and protein and where proteins are made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Hooke?

<p>The first person to use a simple light microscope to view cork cells from plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are prokaryotes?

<p>Cells like bacteria without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tissue?

<p>Made of similar cells working together to perform a job such as muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytoplasm?

<p>All the organelles and fluid between the nucleus and plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are phospholipids?

<p>A double layer of these molecules makes up the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cell?

<p>The smallest unit of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are organelles?

<p>Cell structures that perform specific functions for the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was Leeuwenhoek?

<p>The first person to see and draw living cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA?

<p>Genetic material found inside the nucleus of a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are free ribosomes?

<p>Unattached ribosomes in the cytosol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are flagella?

<p>Long whip-like structures found on some cells to help them move.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chromatin?

<p>Uncoiled chromosomes in the nucleus of non-dividing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chromosomes?

<p>Structures in the nucleus made of DNA and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does multicellular mean?

<p>Organisms made of more than one cell working together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

<p>A constant internal environment maintained by cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nucleus?

<p>The control center of eukaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the plasma membrane?

<p>Surrounds the outside of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the domain Archaea?

<p>Domain containing ancient bacterial forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are vesicles?

<p>Small sacs containing cell products that can be transported in the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nuclear membrane?

<p>Double layer surrounding the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum that makes cholesterol and helps detoxify poisons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Terms in Taxonomy and Cell Biology

  • Cladogram: A phylogenetic diagram illustrating evolutionary relationships among organisms based on shared characteristics.
  • Binomial Nomenclature: A two-part scientific naming system for organisms, consisting of genus and species.
  • Eukarya: A domain that includes all organisms with nucleated cells.
  • Homologous Structures: Anatomically similar structures in different organisms that indicate common ancestry, such as the forearm bones in humans and dogs.
  • Latin: A classical language primarily used for scientific nomenclature.
  • Species: A basic unit of biological classification, representing a single kind of organism.
  • Plantae: The kingdom that encompasses all plant organisms.
  • Karyotypes: Visual representations of an organism's chromosomes used for classification and analysis.
  • Embryonic Development: Similarities in early developmental stages, such as the amniotic sac, indicate evolutionary relationships.
  • Fossils: Remains or traces of ancient organisms that provide evidence for ancestral relationships.
  • Classes: Taxonomic ranks that group organisms within different phyla.
  • Homo Sapiens: The scientific name for modern humans.
  • Derived Characters: Traits that evolved within a group, like feathers in birds.
  • Subspecies: Variants within a species that adapt to different geographic areas.
  • Bacteria: A domain which comprises various modern prokaryotic organisms.
  • Protista: A kingdom mainly consisting of unicellular eukaryotic organisms like amoeba and paramecium.
  • Taxon: Any classification group, regardless of rank, in biological taxonomy.
  • Biodiversity: The variety of life forms at various ecological levels, including species and ecosystems.
  • Genus, Species: The two parts of an organism's scientific name, where genus is capitalized.
  • Linnaeus: The scientist who established the hierarchical classification system for organisms.
  • Phylogenetics: The study of evolutionary relationships among taxa, often visualized through phylogenetic trees.
  • Molecular Cladistics: Classification based on genetic information, such as DNA or amino acid sequences.
  • Common Names: Informal names for organisms that can lead to identification confusion.
  • Domains: The highest taxonomic rank; three domains exist: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
  • Clades: Groups that consist of an ancestor and all its descendants.
  • Family: A subgroup of orders in biological classification.
  • Analogous Structures: Features in different organisms that perform similar functions but do not indicate a close evolutionary relationship, like scales in snakes and pangolins.
  • Phylogenetic Tree: A diagram illustrating the evolutionary relationships among various biological species.
  • Animalia: The kingdom that includes all animals, including humans.
  • Fungi: A kingdom consisting of organisms such as mushrooms and yeast.
  • Archaebacteria: Ancient bacteria that thrive in extreme environments, categorized under Archaea.
  • Cytoskeleton: A network of microtubules and microfilaments giving structural support to cells.
  • Nucleus: The control center of eukaryotic cells, housing genetic material (DNA).
  • Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes possess these features.
  • Cell Theory: The principle stating that all living things are composed of cells.
  • Cell Membrane: A semipermeable barrier surrounding the cell, composed of phospholipids, integral, and peripheral proteins.
  • Homeostasis: The regulation of constant internal conditions within cells and organisms.
  • Ribosomes: Cellular structures where protein synthesis occurs, composed of RNA and proteins.

Important Concepts in Cell Structure

  • Plasma Membrane: The boundary of all cells composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
  • Cell Organelles: Specialized structures within cells that perform distinct functions, such as mitochondria and ribosomes.
  • Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance between the nucleus and membrane containing organelles.
  • Central Vacuole: The large organelle in plant cells that stores nutrients and waste products.
  • Nuclear Membrane: A double-layer membrane encasing the nucleus, featuring nuclear pores for transportation.
  • Flagella and Cilia: Structures aiding in cell motility; flagella are longer and whip-like while cilia are short and hair-like.

Cell Functions and Structures

  • Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouse of the cell, where ATP is produced through cellular respiration.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis; includes rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes) ER.
  • Lysosomes: Organelles that digest waste materials and worn-out cell parts.
  • Centrioles: Cylinder-shaped organelles that play a role in organizing cell division in animal cells.
  • Chromatin: DNA and protein complexes in the nucleus that condense to form chromosomes during cell division.
  • Nucleolus: A key nucleus component responsible for ribosome production.

Historical Figures in Biology

  • Hooke: First to observe cells using a light microscope.
  • Leeuwenhoek: Notable for being the first to visualize living cells and microorganisms.

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Test your knowledge of key terms from Biology Chapter 17 with these crossword flashcards. Learn about cladograms, binomial nomenclature, and more important concepts that are fundamental to understanding phylogenetics and taxonomy. Perfect for students preparing for exams or wanting to reinforce their learning.

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