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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of a cladogram?
Which nucleotide is NOT a component of DNA?
What is the primary outcome of meiosis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of monocotyledonae?
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In a monohybrid cross involving two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa), what will be the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
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What is the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid inheritance involving two traits?
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Which of these describes co-dominance?
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What type of inheritance pattern is associated with Huntington's Disease?
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Study Notes
Cladograms
- Visual tool to depict evolutionary relationships among species.
- Key terms include common ancestor and derived characteristics.
- Constructed based on shared traits, such as those found in vertebrates.
DNA Structure
- Comprised of nucleotides with three main components: deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine).
- DNA appears as a double helix with strands running antiparallel to each other.
Cell Division
Mitosis
- Involves four key phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
- Results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
Meiosis
- Consists of two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
- Produces four non-identical daughter cells with half the original chromosome number.
Comparison
- Mitosis: Generates somatic cells for growth and repair.
- Meiosis: Responsible for the creation of gametes.
Plant Development and Angiosperm Classification
Monocotyledonae
- Characterized by parallel leaf venation and scattered vascular bundles.
- Reproductive features include flowers that typically have parts in multiples of three.
Dicotyledonae
- Features net-like leaf venation and vascular bundles arranged in a ring.
- Reproductive characteristics include flowers with parts in multiples of four or five.
Monogenic Inheritance
- Genotypes defined as homozygous dominant (AA), heterozygous (Aa), and homozygous recessive (aa).
- Monohybrid crosses yield a phenotypic ratio of 3:1.
- Punnett Square used to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes (e.g., Aa x Aa for flower color).
Dihybrid Inheritance
- Examines two traits simultaneously, such as seed shape and color.
- Results in a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1.
Complex Inheritance Patterns
Incomplete Dominance
- Exhibits an intermediate phenotype, such as pink flowers from red and white parents.
- Yields a phenotypic ratio of 1:2:1.
Co-dominance
- Both alleles are expressed fully, illustrated by AB blood type with both A and B antigens present.
Genetic Disorders and Pedigrees
- Huntington's Disease is caused by a dominant allele (H).
- Pedigree analysis helps identify inheritance patterns of genetic disorders.
Karyotyping
Sex Determination
- XX configuration indicates a female, while XY indicates a male.
Chromosome Arrangement
- Aids in identifying chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome and Turner syndrome.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts in biology, including the construction of cladograms to visualize evolutionary relationships and the identification of DNA structures. Understand the components involved in nucleotides and the phases of mitosis. Test your knowledge with questions that challenge your understanding of these fundamental topics.
