Biology: Cladograms and DNA Structure Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a cladogram?

  • To illustrate the structure of DNA
  • To visually represent evolutionary relationships (correct)
  • To classify plants based on reproductive features
  • To depict genetic disorders in populations
  • Which nucleotide is NOT a component of DNA?

  • Cytosine
  • Adenine
  • Uracil (correct)
  • Thymine
  • What is the primary outcome of meiosis?

  • Four genetically identical daughter cells
  • Two non-identical daughter cells with a full set of chromosomes
  • Four non-identical daughter cells with half the chromosome number (correct)
  • Two genetically identical daughter cells
  • Which of the following is a characteristic of monocotyledonae?

    <p>Parallel leaf venation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross involving two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa), what will be the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

    <p>3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid inheritance involving two traits?

    <p>9:3:3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these describes co-dominance?

    <p>Both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inheritance pattern is associated with Huntington's Disease?

    <p>Dominant allele inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cladograms

    • Visual tool to depict evolutionary relationships among species.
    • Key terms include common ancestor and derived characteristics.
    • Constructed based on shared traits, such as those found in vertebrates.

    DNA Structure

    • Comprised of nucleotides with three main components: deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine).
    • DNA appears as a double helix with strands running antiparallel to each other.

    Cell Division

    Mitosis

    • Involves four key phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
    • Results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

    Meiosis

    • Consists of two stages: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
    • Produces four non-identical daughter cells with half the original chromosome number.

    Comparison

    • Mitosis: Generates somatic cells for growth and repair.
    • Meiosis: Responsible for the creation of gametes.

    Plant Development and Angiosperm Classification

    Monocotyledonae

    • Characterized by parallel leaf venation and scattered vascular bundles.
    • Reproductive features include flowers that typically have parts in multiples of three.

    Dicotyledonae

    • Features net-like leaf venation and vascular bundles arranged in a ring.
    • Reproductive characteristics include flowers with parts in multiples of four or five.

    Monogenic Inheritance

    • Genotypes defined as homozygous dominant (AA), heterozygous (Aa), and homozygous recessive (aa).
    • Monohybrid crosses yield a phenotypic ratio of 3:1.
    • Punnett Square used to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes (e.g., Aa x Aa for flower color).

    Dihybrid Inheritance

    • Examines two traits simultaneously, such as seed shape and color.
    • Results in a phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1.

    Complex Inheritance Patterns

    Incomplete Dominance

    • Exhibits an intermediate phenotype, such as pink flowers from red and white parents.
    • Yields a phenotypic ratio of 1:2:1.

    Co-dominance

    • Both alleles are expressed fully, illustrated by AB blood type with both A and B antigens present.

    Genetic Disorders and Pedigrees

    • Huntington's Disease is caused by a dominant allele (H).
    • Pedigree analysis helps identify inheritance patterns of genetic disorders.

    Karyotyping

    Sex Determination

    • XX configuration indicates a female, while XY indicates a male.

    Chromosome Arrangement

    • Aids in identifying chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome and Turner syndrome.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on key concepts in biology, including the construction of cladograms to visualize evolutionary relationships and the identification of DNA structures. Understand the components involved in nucleotides and the phases of mitosis. Test your knowledge with questions that challenge your understanding of these fundamental topics.

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