Biology Chapter 16 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the template in semiconservative replication?

one strand of the DNA molecule

What is a major difference between eukaryotic DNA replication and prokaryotic DNA replication?

Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, while eukaryotic chromosomes have multiple origins of replication. (correct)

DNA replication in prokaryotic cells is conservative.

Prokaryotic replication does not require a primer.

DNA polymerases of prokaryotes can add nucleotides to both 3' and 5' ends of DNA strands.

A new DNA strand elongates only in the 5' to 3' direction because _____.

DNA polymerase begins adding nucleotides at the 5' end of the template.

DNA polymerase can add nucleotides only to the free 3' end. (correct)

The polarity of the DNA molecule prevents addition of nucleotides at the 3' end.

Replication must progress toward the replication fork.

What catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in the DNA polymer being formed?

DNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

Replication in prokaryotes differs from replication in eukaryotes for which of the following reasons?

Prokaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes have many. Signup and view all the answers

This arrangement permits complementary base pairing?

True Signup and view all the answers

Cytosine makes up 42% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine?

8% Signup and view all the answers

When the rate of DNA repair lags behind the rate of mutation, what is a possible fate of the cell?

The cell can be transformed to a cancerous cell. Signup and view all the answers

DNA is synthesized through a process known as _____.

semiconservative replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes a eukaryotic chromosome?

A single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA plus proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication?

It joins Okazaki fragments together. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the description 'antiparallel' regarding the strands that make up DNA?

The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would you expect of a eukaryote lacking telomerase?

A reduction in chromosome length in gametes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DNA Replication Basics

Semiconservative replication uses one strand of the DNA molecule as a template for synthesis.
DNA replication varies between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, primarily in the number of origins of replication: prokaryotes have a single origin, while eukaryotes have multiple origins.

Directionality of DNA Synthesis

DNA strands elongate only in the 5' to 3' direction because DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the free 3' end of the growing strand.

Enzymatic Function in Replication

DNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides during DNA strand synthesis.

Differences in Replication Mechanisms

Prokaryotic chromosomes lack histones; eukaryotic chromosomes are associated with histones.
Prokaryotes produce Okazaki fragments during replication, whereas eukaryotes do not.

Base Pairing Rules

Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine through hydrogen bonding, allowing for complementary base pairing.

Nucleotide Composition

In a DNA sample, if cytosine comprises 42% of the nucleotides, then thymine would be approximately 8% due to base-pairing rules.

DNA Damage and Repair

If DNA repair rates are slower than mutation rates in a healthy cell, the cell may become cancerous.

Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure

Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of a single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA associated with proteins.

Role of DNA Ligase

DNA ligase is essential for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

Antiparallel Nature of DNA Strands

The antiparallel nature of DNA refers to the opposite directionality of the two strands, with one strand running 5' to 3' and the other running 3' to 5'.

Implications of Telomerase Absence

Eukaryotes lacking telomerase are likely to experience a reduction in chromosome length in gametes, which can affect cell division and stability.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards on Biology Chapter 16, focusing on DNA replication processes. Understand the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication and the concept of semiconservative replication. Perfect for reviewing key concepts in molecular biology.