Questions and Answers
What is innate immunity?
The body's defenses against any kind of pathogen
Which of the following is NOT a physical factor protecting the skin and mucous membranes from infection?
What is the function of the 'ciliary escalator'?
Remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract
Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?
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TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT?
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Which of the following CANNOT be determined from a differential count?
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What does the complement protein cascade begin with?
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Which of the following does NOT increase blood vessel permeability?
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What is the order in which white blood cells migrate to infected tissues?
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What does margination refer to?
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Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages.
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Complement is found normally in serum.
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Which of the following is NOT an effect of complement activation?
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Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?
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Which of the following is NOT a way in which normal microbiota provide protection from infection?
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Which of the following does NOT provide protection from phagocytic digestion?
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Defensive cells such as T cells identify pathogens by binding to what?
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What happens to the swelling associated with inflammation when the fluid goes into lymph capillaries?
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Fixed macrophages develop from neutrophils.
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Which of the following is NOT used by phagocytes to adhere to a microorganism?
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Which of the following is NOT an effect of histamine?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of inflammation?
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What does a chill indicate?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding complement proteins?
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Which of the following is NOT a result of complement fixation?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons?
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What initiates the alternative pathway for complement activation?
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What initiates the classical pathway for complement activation?
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What is the result of activation of C3a?
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What are neutrophils with defective lysosomes unable to do?
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In Figure 16.1, what happens next after C2a and C4b activate?
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After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT?
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What is the result of activation of C5-C9?
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What does a C-reactive protein (CRP) level 10 times greater than normal indicate?
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Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?
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Macrophages arise from which of the following?
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Which one of the following does NOT belong with the others?
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How do bacteria counteract iron capture by siderophores?
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What is the first step that occurs during inflammation?
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What initiates the lectin pathway for complement action?
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Which one of the following is NOT an effect of fever?
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Which of the following complements would likely result in the most severe effects if deficient?
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C3 is not involved in the classical pathway.
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What protects bacteria from phagocytic digestion?
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How is serum obtained from blood?
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Study Notes
Innate Immunity
- Innate immunity represents the body's initial and non-specific defense mechanisms against pathogens.
Skin and Mucous Membranes
- Lysozyme is not a physical factor protecting skin and mucous membranes from infection.
Respiratory Defense Mechanisms
- The "ciliary escalator" plays a critical role in sweeping microorganisms out of the lower respiratory tract.
Phagocytosis
- Neutrophils exhibit the highest level of phagocytic activity among white blood cells.
- Margination refers to the adherence of phagocytes to the blood vessel lining during immune responses.
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)
- TLRs are involved in pathogen recognition but do not attach to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).
Differential Count
- A differential count of blood cells cannot determine the number of red blood cells.
Complement System Activation
- The complement cascade activates starting with C3 in all pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin.
- Histamine increases blood vessel permeability, while lysozymes do not contribute to this effect.
White Blood Cell Migration
- The sequence of migration for white blood cells to infected tissues is primarily neutrophils followed by monocytes.
Macrophage Functionality
- Gamma interferon enhances the bactericidal function of macrophages.
- Fixed macrophages do not derive from neutrophils, which is a false statement.
Opsonization and Microbiota
- Opsonization results in improved adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms.
- Normal microbiota provide defense against infection, but they do not produce lysozyme.
Inflammatory Response
- Swelling during inflammation reduces as fluid enters lymph capillaries.
- Chill sensation signifies that body temperature is increasing during fever.
Complement Proteins
- At least 30 complement proteins are identified; they are not always active in serum and do not directly interfere with viral replication.
- Complement fixation does not lead to acute local inflammation.
Interferon Action
- Alpha and beta interferons do not directly inactivate viruses but have roles in modulating immune responses.
Pathway Initiation
- The alternative pathway is initiated by polysaccharides and C3b; the classical pathway is initiated via antigen-antibody reactions.
- The lectin pathway is triggered by mannose found on certain parasites.
Effects of Fever
- Activation of C3a leads to fever, but fever does not directly kill pathogens.
Siderophores and Iron Meta-bolism
- Bacteria utilize siderophores to capture iron; humans counteract this by using transferrins to sequester iron.
Inflammation Sequence
- The initial step in inflammation is vasodilation, followed by margination and chemotaxis.
Complement Deficiency
- A deficiency in C3 would result in the most severe impairment of the complement system.
Phagocyte Protection
- Bacterial defenses against phagocytic digestion include enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase.
Serum Collection
- Serum is obtained from blood by the process of coagulating whole blood and separating the liquid component.
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Test your knowledge on innate immunity and the body's defense mechanisms with these flashcards from Chapter 16. Each card challenges your understanding of key concepts, such as physical barriers and immune responses. Enhance your study session and prepare for your biology exam with these engaging definitions and questions.
