Biology Chapter 16 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is innate immunity?

The body's defenses against any kind of pathogen

Which of the following is NOT a physical factor protecting the skin and mucous membranes from infection?

  • Skin
  • Lysozyme (correct)
  • Mucus
  • Cilia
  • What is the function of the 'ciliary escalator'?

    Remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract

    Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT?

    <p>AMPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following CANNOT be determined from a differential count?

    <p>The number of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the complement protein cascade begin with?

    <p>Activation of C3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT increase blood vessel permeability?

    <p>Lysozymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order in which white blood cells migrate to infected tissues?

    <p>Neutrophils - Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does margination refer to?

    <p>Adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complement is found normally in serum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an effect of complement activation?

    <p>Interference with viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?

    <p>Increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way in which normal microbiota provide protection from infection?

    <p>They produce lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT provide protection from phagocytic digestion?

    <p>Causing formation of phagolysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Defensive cells such as T cells identify pathogens by binding to what?

    <p>Toll-like receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the swelling associated with inflammation when the fluid goes into lymph capillaries?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fixed macrophages develop from neutrophils.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT used by phagocytes to adhere to a microorganism?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an effect of histamine?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of inflammation?

    <p>To produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a chill indicate?

    <p>Body temperature is rising</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding complement proteins?

    <p>There are at least 30 complement proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a result of complement fixation?

    <p>Antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons?

    <p>They activate complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the alternative pathway for complement activation?

    <p>Polysaccharides and C3b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the classical pathway for complement activation?

    <p>Antigen-antibody reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of activation of C3a?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neutrophils with defective lysosomes unable to do?

    <p>Produce toxic oxygen products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Figure 16.1, what happens next after C2a and C4b activate?

    <p>C3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT?

    <p>Complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of activation of C5-C9?

    <p>Leakage of cell contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a C-reactive protein (CRP) level 10 times greater than normal indicate?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Macrophages arise from which of the following?

    <p>Monocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following does NOT belong with the others?

    <p>Natural killer cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteria counteract iron capture by siderophores?

    <p>By transferrins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step that occurs during inflammation?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the lectin pathway for complement action?

    <p>Mannose on the parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is NOT an effect of fever?

    <p>Kills pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complements would likely result in the most severe effects if deficient?

    <p>C3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    C3 is not involved in the classical pathway.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protects bacteria from phagocytic digestion?

    <p>Bacterial enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is serum obtained from blood?

    <p>By coagulating whole blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Innate Immunity

    • Innate immunity represents the body's initial and non-specific defense mechanisms against pathogens.

    Skin and Mucous Membranes

    • Lysozyme is not a physical factor protecting skin and mucous membranes from infection.

    Respiratory Defense Mechanisms

    • The "ciliary escalator" plays a critical role in sweeping microorganisms out of the lower respiratory tract.

    Phagocytosis

    • Neutrophils exhibit the highest level of phagocytic activity among white blood cells.
    • Margination refers to the adherence of phagocytes to the blood vessel lining during immune responses.

    Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

    • TLRs are involved in pathogen recognition but do not attach to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).

    Differential Count

    • A differential count of blood cells cannot determine the number of red blood cells.

    Complement System Activation

    • The complement cascade activates starting with C3 in all pathways: classical, alternative, and lectin.
    • Histamine increases blood vessel permeability, while lysozymes do not contribute to this effect.

    White Blood Cell Migration

    • The sequence of migration for white blood cells to infected tissues is primarily neutrophils followed by monocytes.

    Macrophage Functionality

    • Gamma interferon enhances the bactericidal function of macrophages.
    • Fixed macrophages do not derive from neutrophils, which is a false statement.

    Opsonization and Microbiota

    • Opsonization results in improved adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms.
    • Normal microbiota provide defense against infection, but they do not produce lysozyme.

    Inflammatory Response

    • Swelling during inflammation reduces as fluid enters lymph capillaries.
    • Chill sensation signifies that body temperature is increasing during fever.

    Complement Proteins

    • At least 30 complement proteins are identified; they are not always active in serum and do not directly interfere with viral replication.
    • Complement fixation does not lead to acute local inflammation.

    Interferon Action

    • Alpha and beta interferons do not directly inactivate viruses but have roles in modulating immune responses.

    Pathway Initiation

    • The alternative pathway is initiated by polysaccharides and C3b; the classical pathway is initiated via antigen-antibody reactions.
    • The lectin pathway is triggered by mannose found on certain parasites.

    Effects of Fever

    • Activation of C3a leads to fever, but fever does not directly kill pathogens.

    Siderophores and Iron Meta-bolism

    • Bacteria utilize siderophores to capture iron; humans counteract this by using transferrins to sequester iron.

    Inflammation Sequence

    • The initial step in inflammation is vasodilation, followed by margination and chemotaxis.

    Complement Deficiency

    • A deficiency in C3 would result in the most severe impairment of the complement system.

    Phagocyte Protection

    • Bacterial defenses against phagocytic digestion include enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase.

    Serum Collection

    • Serum is obtained from blood by the process of coagulating whole blood and separating the liquid component.

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    Test your knowledge on innate immunity and the body's defense mechanisms with these flashcards from Chapter 16. Each card challenges your understanding of key concepts, such as physical barriers and immune responses. Enhance your study session and prepare for your biology exam with these engaging definitions and questions.

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