Questions and Answers
Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood can be classified by its __.
type
No two individuals, except for identical twins, can be expected to have the same combination of blood types or antigens.
True
__ is the fluid portion of unclotted blood.
Plasma
The liquid that separates from the blood when a clot is formed is called the __.
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__ transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
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On the surface of red blood cells are chemical substances called __, which impart blood type characteristics to the cells.
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Type A individuals have __ antigens on the surface of their red blood cells.
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Type O individuals have neither A nor B antigens on their red blood cells.
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The presence or absence of the __ and ___ antigens on the red blood cells determines a person's blood type in the A-B-O system.
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The D antigen is also known as the __ antigen.
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Serum contains proteins known as __, which destroy or inactivate antigens.
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An antibody reacts only with a specific antigen.
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Agglutination describes the clumping together of red blood cells by the action of an antibody.
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Type B blood contains __ antigens and anti__ antibodies.
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Type AB blood has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.
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A drug-protein complex can be injected into an animal to form specific __ for that drug.
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The term __ describes the study of antigen-antibody reactions.
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Type AB blood is agglutinated by both anti-A/anti-B serum.
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Type B red blood cells agglutinate when added to type A blood.
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Type A blood cells agglutinate when added to type __ blood.
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The distribution of type A blood in the US is approximately __%.
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The distribution of type AB blood in the US is approximately __%.
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Most blood hemoglobin has peroxidase-like activity.
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For many years, the most commonly used color test for identifying blood has the __ color test.
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__ reagent reacts with blood, causing it to luminesce.
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Blood can be characterized as being of human origin by __ test.
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Antigens and antibodies can be induced to move toward each other under the influence of an electrical field.
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The basic unit of heredity is the __.
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Genes are positioned on threadlike bodies called __.
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All nucleated cells in the human body, except the reproductive cells have __ pairs of chromosomes.
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The sex of an offspring is always determined by the __.
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Genes that influence a given characteristic and are aligned with one another on a chromosome pair are known as __.
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When a pair of allelic genes is identical, the genes are said to be __.
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The __ color test is used to locate and characterize seminal stains.
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Semen is unequivocally identified by the microscopic appearance of __.
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Males with a low sperm count have a condition known as __.
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The protein __ is useful for the characterization of semen.
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DNA may be transferred to an object through the medium perspiration.
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Seminal constituents may remain in the vagina for up to six days after intercourse.
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Study Notes
Blood Classification and Components
- Karl Landsteiner discovered blood can be classified by type.
- Plasma is the fluid portion of unclotted blood, while serum separates from blood when a clot forms.
- Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues.
- Antigens are chemical substances on red blood cells that determine blood type characteristics.
Blood Types and Antigens
- Type A individuals possess A antigens on red blood cells.
- Type O individuals lack A and B antigens.
- The A-B-O blood type system is determined by the presence or absence of A and B antigens.
- The D antigen is also referred to as the Rh antigen.
Antibodies and Immunity
- Serum contains antibodies, which specifically target and inactivate antigens.
- Antibodies react only with their corresponding antigens, facilitating agglutination, the clumping of red blood cells.
- Type B blood has B antigens and anti-A antibodies; Type AB blood has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.
Blood Typing and Agglutination
- Type AB blood is agglutinated by both anti-A and anti-B serum.
- Type B red blood cells agglutinate when mixed with Type A blood.
- Type A red blood cells agglutinate when mixed with Type B blood.
Blood Type Distribution
- Approximately 42% of the US population has Type A blood.
- Type AB blood is present in about 3% of the US population.
Blood Analysis Techniques
- Hemoglobin in blood exhibits peroxidase-like activity and can be analyzed using the benzidine color test for blood identification.
- Luminol reagent causes blood to luminesce, aiding in detection.
- Precipitin tests determine whether blood is of human origin.
Genetics and Heredity
- The gene is the basic unit of heredity, located on chromosomes, which are threadlike structures.
- Humans typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes in all nucleated cells, excluding reproductive cells.
- A child’s sex is determined by the father.
- Alleles are genes influencing specific characteristics located on chromosome pairs, and they can be homozygous (identical genes).
Semen and Reproductive Biology
- The acid phosphatase color test is used to locate and characterize seminal stains.
- Semen is identifiable microscopically by the presence of spermatozoa.
- A low sperm count in males is termed oligospermia.
- Prostate-specific antigen (p30) helps characterize semen.
DNA Transfer
- DNA can be transferred via perspiration, indicating the presence of genetic material.
- Seminal constituents can remain in the vagina for up to 6 hours after intercourse.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Chapter 14 of Biology. Explore key concepts related to blood classification, types, and characteristics, including definitions and true/false questions. Perfect for revision and enhancing your understanding of hematology.
