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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which of the main bronchi is larger in diameter?
Which of the main bronchi is larger in diameter?
right
Which of the main bronchi is more horizontal?
Which of the main bronchi is more horizontal?
left
Which main bronchi is the most common site for lodging of a foreign object that has entered the respiratory passageways?
Which main bronchi is the most common site for lodging of a foreign object that has entered the respiratory passageways?
right
Air enters the nasal cavity of the respiratory system through the (1).
Air enters the nasal cavity of the respiratory system through the (1).
The nasal cavity is divided by the midline (2).
The nasal cavity is divided by the midline (2).
Mucous membrane-lined cavities called (6) are found in several bones surrounding the nasal cavities.
Mucous membrane-lined cavities called (6) are found in several bones surrounding the nasal cavities.
The passageway common to the digestive and respiratory systems, the (8), is often referred to as the throat.
The passageway common to the digestive and respiratory systems, the (8), is often referred to as the throat.
Clusters of lymphatic tissue, (10), are part of the defensive system of the body.
Clusters of lymphatic tissue, (10), are part of the defensive system of the body.
Reinforcement of the trachea with (11) rings prevents its collapse during (12) changes that occur during breathing.
Reinforcement of the trachea with (11) rings prevents its collapse during (12) changes that occur during breathing.
The largest cartilage in the larynx is the (14) cartilage.
The largest cartilage in the larynx is the (14) cartilage.
Within the larynx are the (15), which vibrate with exhaled air.
Within the larynx are the (15), which vibrate with exhaled air.
With the exception of the stroma of lungs, which is (1) tissue, the lungs are mostly air spaces.
With the exception of the stroma of lungs, which is (1) tissue, the lungs are mostly air spaces.
What are the three functions of the larynx?
What are the three functions of the larynx?
What type of cartilage forms the epiglottis?
What type of cartilage forms the epiglottis?
What important role is played by the cartilage rings that reinforce the trachea?
What important role is played by the cartilage rings that reinforce the trachea?
What occurs when the trachealis muscle contracts?
What occurs when the trachealis muscle contracts?
In healthy lungs, what is always lower than atmospheric pressure?
In healthy lungs, what is always lower than atmospheric pressure?
What is the common name for the thyroid cartilage?
What is the common name for the thyroid cartilage?
What is the respiratory rate of a newborn baby?
What is the respiratory rate of a newborn baby?
What is the total amount of exchangeable air called?
What is the total amount of exchangeable air called?
What condition is characterized by a lack of cessation of breathing?
What condition is characterized by a lack of cessation of breathing?
What is chronic bronchitis?
What is chronic bronchitis?
What is asthma?
What is asthma?
What is emphysema?
What is emphysema?
What is dyspnea?
What is dyspnea?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
- Right main bronchus is larger in diameter and is the most common site for fluid obstruction.
- Left main bronchus is more horizontal in orientation.
Nasal Cavity Functions
- Air enters via nostrils (nares) and is divided by the nasal septum.
- Mucosa in the nasal cavity warms, moistens, and cleanses incoming air.
- Paranasal sinuses lighten the skull and resonate sound.
- The pharynx connects the nasal cavity to the larynx.
Trachea and Larynx
- Trachea is reinforced with C-shaped cartilage rings to prevent collapse during pressure changes.
- Epiglottis closes the larynx during swallowing, preventing food from entering airways.
- The thyroid cartilage is the largest laryngeal cartilage, commonly known as the Adam's apple.
- Vocal cords within the larynx vibrate to enable sound production.
Gas Exchange Structures
- Alveoli are the primary sites for gas exchange; their walls are primarily composed of squamous epithelial cells.
- Surfactant produced by cuboidal cells reduces surface tension in alveoli.
Respiratory Pressures
- Intrapleural pressure remains lower than atmospheric pressure to keep lungs inflated.
- Intrapulmonary pressure (intra-alveolar pressure) changes during breathing; decreases during inspiration and rises during forced expiration.
- Equalization of intrapleural pressure with atmospheric pressure leads to lung collapse.
Respiratory Processes
- Inspiration is the inhalation phase; expiration is exhalation.
- Internal respiration involves gas exchange between systemic capillary blood and body cells.
- External respiration occurs between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood.
Respiratory Zones
- Conducting zone includes structures like the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
- Respiratory zone comprises bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
Respiratory Conditions
- Emphysema: loss of lung elasticity and enlarged alveolar chambers.
- Chronic bronchitis: increased mucus obstructs airways.
- Asthma: bronchiolar spasms lead to narrowed airways.
- Tuberculosis: serious infection spread via airborne bacteria.
- Hypoxia: oxygen deficiency, often chronic.
- Infant respiratory distress syndrome: associated with inadequate surfactant in underdeveloped lungs.
Respiratory Volumes
- Tidal volume represents the air volume inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
- Vital capacity is the total amount of exchangeable air within the lungs.
- Residual volume allows continuous gas exchange.
Age-Related Changes
- Aging leads to decreased lung elasticity and capacity, making older adults more susceptible to respiratory infections.
Respiratory Reflexes
- Coughing clears lower airways; sneezing clears upper airways.
- Hiccups are sudden inspirations caused by diaphragm spasms.
- Yawning ventilates all alveoli, providing a deep breath.
Respiratory Rate
- Newborns have a respiratory rate of approximately 40 to 80 breaths per minute.
- Healthy adults typically have a respiratory rate of 12 to 18 breaths per minute.
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