Questions and Answers
What does DNA stand for?
What structure contains genetic material (DNA)?
Nucleus
Where does translation happen?
Cytoplasm
What is the role of ribosomes?
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What makes the bonds between amino acids?
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What is the function of tRNA?
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What is the basic unit of all forms of life?
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What carries the instructions for assembling proteins from DNA?
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What type of sugar is found only in RNA?
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What enzyme bonds nucleotides onto the DNA strand?
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What is the difference between tRNA and mRNA?
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What is a nucleotide composed of?
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What is ultimately made during translation?
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What nitrogen base pairs with adenine in RNA?
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What are sets of three nitrogen bases called?
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What does a mutation affect?
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What is the shape that DNA forms?
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What sugar is part of nucleotides in DNA?
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What is part of both DNA and RNA?
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Is mRNA synthesized in translation or transcription?
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Does mRNA have codons or anticodons?
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Where is mRNA synthesized?
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How many codons equal one amino acid?
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Does tRNA bring amino acids to the nucleus or ribosome?
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What is a polypeptide made of?
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Does tRNA have codons or anticodons?
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Does tRNA transfer amino acids during translation or transcription?
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Where do ribosomes carry out their function?
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How many nitrogen bases equal one amino acid?
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How many different amino acids are there?
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What type of bond binds amino acids together?
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Study Notes
Genetic Material and Structure
- DNA: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid composed of nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine).
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA), site of DNA replication and transcription.
- Cytoplasm: Location where translation occurs.
Protein Synthesis Components
- Ribosome: Site of translation in the cytoplasm, links amino acids to form proteins.
- Polypeptide: Sequence formed by bonding amino acids together.
- mRNA: Carries instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins from DNA.
RNA Types and Functions
- tRNA (Transfer RNA): Brings amino acids to ribosomes; contains anticodons for complementary pairing during translation.
- RNA Polymerase: Enzyme that binds to DNA to separate strands during transcription.
- Anticodons: Found in tRNA; pairs with mRNA codons during translation.
Nucleotides and Their Role
- Nucleotides: Building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a five-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G).
- Ribose Sugar: Present in RNA, essential for ribosome structure.
- Deoxyribose Sugar: Component of DNA nucleotides.
Gene Expression and Mutations
- Codons: Triplet sequences on mRNA that code for amino acids.
- Mutations: Changes in DNA sequence that can be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral.
Structural Characteristics
- Double Helix: DNA configuration, with two strands running parallel in opposite directions (5' to 3').
- Phosphate Group: Integral part of nucleotides in both DNA and RNA.
Key Relationships in Translation and Transcription
- Translation: Process of amino acid sequence formation, occurring at the ribosome.
- Transcription: Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus from DNA templates.
- Amino Acids: Basic units that are sequenced to form proteins during translation.
Additional Facts
- Three nitrogen bases correspond to one amino acid.
- Total amino acids in proteins: 20 different types.
- Peptide Bond: Type of bond that connects amino acids in a protein.
Studying That Suits You
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards focused on key terms from Biology Chapter 12. Each card provides a definition of essential concepts such as DNA, nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosome. Perfect for revision and reinforcing your understanding of cellular biology.
