Biology Chapter 10 Quiz

Peptide Bond

• A peptide bond is formed between two amino acids during a condensation reaction.
• This bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.
• Water is released as a byproduct during this process.

Essential Amino Acids

• Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet.

Primary Structure of Proteins

• The primary structure of a protein refers to the specific sequence of amino acids in its polypeptide chain.

Protein

• A protein is a fully folded and functioning molecule made from many bonded amino acids.

Protein Configuration Descriptions

• Primary structure: The linear sequence of amino acids.
• Secondary structure: Local folding patterns, like alpha-helices or beta-sheets.
• Tertiary structure: The overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain.
• Quaternary structure: The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein complex.

Protein Denaturation

• Denaturation disrupts the shape and function of a protein by breaking the bonds that maintain its structure.
• This can occur due to factors like heat, pH changes, or the presence of certain chemicals.

Protein Shape

• Factors like temperature, pH, and the presence of certain chemicals can affect the overall shape of a protein.

Cysteine

• Cysteine is an amino acid that can participate in disulfide bonds, which contribute to protein structure by linking different parts of the polypeptide chain together.

Leaf Vein Function

• Leaf veins transport water and nutrients throughout the leaf.
• They provide structural support to the leaf blade.

Leaf Thickness and Gas Exchange

• Thicker leaves have a slower rate of gas exchange because they have a smaller surface area for diffusion.

Stomata Closure in Darkness

• Stomata often close in darkness to prevent excessive water loss through transpiration.

Evaporation and Air Temperature

• The higher the air temperature, the higher the rate of evaporation.

Leaf Adaptations and Purpose

• Sunken stomata: To reduce water loss through transpiration.
• Thick cuticle: To prevent water loss through the leaf surface.
• Hairy leaves: To trap a layer of humid air, reducing transpiration.
• Succulent leaves: To store water in dry environments.

Ionic Bonds

• Ionic bonds are formed between ions with opposite charges.
• They result from the electrostatic attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions.

Air Movement and Evaporation

• Air movement increases the rate of water evaporation from leaves, accelerating transpiration.

Carbon's Covalent Bonds

• Carbon can form a maximum of four covalent bonds due to its four valence electrons.

Pneumocytes Type 2

• Pneumocytes type 2 contain secretory vesicles for secreting surfactant onto the alveolar surface.
• Surfactant helps to reduce surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse during exhalation.

Hemoglobin and Oxygen Binding Capacity

• One molecule of hemoglobin can bind to four oxygen molecules.

Disaccharide from Glucose and Fructose

• Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose.

Animal Polysaccharide Storage

• Glycogen is the polysaccharide used for storage in animals.

Bond Types

• Covalent bonds: Strong bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
• Ionic bonds: Bonds formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
• Hydrogen bonds: Relatively weak bonds formed between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.
• Van der Waals forces: Weak attractions between molecules due to temporary fluctuations in electron distribution.

Polymer Formation

• Polymerization is the process of forming polymers from monomers through dehydration synthesis reactions.

Pentose Sugars

• Pentose sugars have five carbon atoms.

Glucose Properties

• Glucose is readily soluble in water, making it easy to transport in biological systems.
• Glucose can be easily broken down to release energy through cellular respiration.

Oxygen Binding Effect in Pulmonary Capillaries

• The binding of one oxygen molecule to a hemoglobin molecule in pulmonary capillaries increases the affinity for oxygen binding to the remaining heme groups. This is called cooperative binding.

Carbon Dioxide Binding to Hemoglobin

• Carbon dioxide binds directly to the heme groups of hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin.

Hemoglobin Conformational Change

• When carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, it causes a conformational change in the hemoglobin molecule, reducing its affinity for oxygen. This is called the Bohr effect.

Respiratory Demand for Oxygen

• The presence of more carbon dioxide leads to a higher respiratory demand for oxygen.

Oxygen Binding Conditions and Effects

• High carbon dioxide concentration: Shifts the oxygen binding curve to the right, reducing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
• High hydrogen ion concentration (low pH): Shifts the oxygen binding curve to the right, reducing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
• High temperature: Shifts the oxygen binding curve to the right, reducing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
• 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG): Binds to hemoglobin and promotes oxygen release, shifting the oxygen binding curve to the right.

Oxygen Concentration vs. Oxygen Binding Graph

• The graph of oxygen concentration vs. average number of oxygen molecules per hemoglobin exhibits a sigmoidal shape.
• This shape represents the cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin, meaning that as one oxygen molecule binds, it increases the affinity for the remaining binding sites.

Fetal Hemoglobin Affinity for Oxygen

• Fetal hemoglobin must have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin to effectively extract oxygen from the mother's blood.

Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Binding Shift

• In the presence of carbon dioxide, the curve depicting oxygen binding affinity for hemoglobin shifts to the right.

Xylem Adaptations for Unimpeded Flow

• The presence of pits (pores in the cell walls) in xylem allows for unimpeded flow between cells.

Vessel Elements

• Vessel elements are found mainly in angiosperms, not gymnosperms.

Lignin Role in Xylem

• Lignin provides structural support and rigidity to xylem, allowing it to withstand the pressure needed for water transport.

Water Transport in Plants

• Transpiration, the evaporation of water from leaves, pulls water from the roots to the leaves of a plant.

Transpiration Terms

• Transpiration: The evaporation of water from leaves.
• Cohesion: The attraction between water molecules.
• Adhesion: The attraction between water molecules and the xylem walls.
• Tension: The negative pressure created by transpiration in the xylem.
• Capillary action: The movement of water up narrow tubes due to cohesion and adhesion.

Transpiration Initiation

• The opening of stomata in the leaf initiates the process of transpiration.

Water Flow in Xylem

• The cohesion-tension theory explains the continuous flow of water through the xylem.
• Transpiration creates a negative pressure (tension) in the xylem, which pulls water up from the roots due to cohesion and adhesion.

Coronary Arteries and Capillaries for the Heart

• Coronary arteries and capillaries provide oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.

Plant Photosynthesis Sources

• All parts of a plant can act as sources for photosynthesis products, meaning they can produce more than they need and transport excess to other parts.

Pacemaker Role in Cardiac Cycle

• The pacemaker, located in the sinoatrial node, initiates the heartbeat by sending electrical impulses that cause the heart muscle to contract.

Diastolic Pressure

• During diastolic pressure, arterial blood pressure is at its lowest point, as the heart is relaxing and filling with blood.

Cardiac Cycle Terms

• Systole: The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle during which blood is pumped out of the heart.
• Diastole: The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle during which the heart fills with blood.
• Cardiac output: The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
• Stroke volume: The volume of blood pumped by the heart with each beat.

Right and Left Ventricle Differences

• The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
• The left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle because it needs to pump blood against a higher pressure.

Photosynthesis Product Transport

• In photosynthesis, the products (sugars) are transported from sinks (areas of high demand) to sources (areas of high production).

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Adaptation

• Cardiac muscle tissue has specialized junctions called intercalated discs, which allow for rapid electrical conduction between cells, ensuring coordinated contraction of the heart.

Test your knowledge on proteins, amino acids, and plant adaptations with this quiz. Questions cover topics like protein structure, the effects of temperature on gas exchange, and the bonding in biomolecules. Strengthen your understanding of key biological concepts.