Biology Chapter 10 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of bond is formed between two amino acids during a condensation reaction?

  • Ionic bond
  • Peptide bond (correct)
  • Disulphide bond
  • Hydrogen bond

    • Essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body.

    False

    What is the primary structure of proteins?

    The sequence of amino acids

    The fully folded and functioning molecule made from many bonded amino acids is called a __________.

    <p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following configurations with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Alpha helix = A spiral structure in proteins Beta sheet = A pleated structure in proteins Dipeptide = Two bonded amino acids Polypeptide = Many bonded amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during protein denaturation?

    <p>The protein loses its typical shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one condition that can affect the overall shape of a protein.

    <p>Temperature or pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cysteine is an amino acid that can participate in disulphide bonds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of leaf veins?

    <p>Supply water to the leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thicker the leaf, the slower the rate of gas exchange.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are stomata often closed in darkness?

    <p>To prevent water loss since photosynthesis cannot occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ the air temperature, the higher the rate of evaporation.

    <p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following adaptations of leaves to their purpose:

    <p>Fewer stomata = Reduced evaporation rate Succulent leaves = Water storage Stomata in pits = Increased humidity Smaller leaves = Reduced surface area for water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between ions with opposite charges?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does air movement have on the rate of water evaporation from leaves?

    <p>Increases evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon can form a maximum of 2 covalent bonds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pneumocytes type 2 contain many secretory vesicles for secreting surfactant onto the alveolar surface.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many oxygen molecules can bind to one molecule of hemoglobin?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose.

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The polysaccharide used for storage in animals is called __________.

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of bonds with their descriptions:

    <p>Covalent bond = Electrons are shared Ionic bond = Formed between oppositely charged ions Hydrogen bond = Weak attraction between polar molecules Disulfide bond = Bond formed between sulfur atoms in proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction type occurs during the formation of polymers from monomers?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pentose sugars have 6 carbon atoms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two properties of glucose that make it suitable for biological use.

    <p>It is soluble and chemically stable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the binding of one oxygen molecule have in pulmonary capillaries?

    <p>It increases the binding rate by promoting the binding of three additional molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide binds directly to the haem groups of haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conformational change occurs in haemoglobin when carbon dioxide binds?

    <p>It decreases the affinity of the haem groups for oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of more _____ leads to a higher respiratory demand for oxygen.

    <p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their effects on oxygen binding:

    <p>Cooperative Binding = Increases binding rate Higher Carbon Dioxide Levels = Decreases oxygen affinity Fetal Hemoglobin = Higher oxygen affinity than adult hemoglobin Dissociation of One Oxygen = Encourages the release of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape does the graph of oxygen concentration vs. average number of O2 molecules per haemoglobin exhibit, and why?

    <p>S-shape, due to cooperative binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fetal haemoglobin must have a higher affinity for oxygen than _____ haemoglobin to effectively extract oxygen from the mother's blood.

    <p>adult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the presence of carbon dioxide, the curve depicting oxygen binding affinity for haemoglobin shifts to the left.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adaptations of xylem allows for unimpeded flow between cells?

    <p>Absent end walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vessel elements are found mainly in gymnosperms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lignin in xylem?

    <p>To prevent collapse under negative pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ pulls water from the roots to the leaves of a plant.

    <p>Negative pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Adhesion = Attraction of water molecules to other substances Cohesion = Attraction of water molecules to each other Tracheid = Thinner, less efficient type of xylem vessel Vessel element = Wider, more efficient type of xylem vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of transpiration in the leaf?

    <p>Evaporation of water from leaf cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cohesion and adhesion both involve hydrogen bonds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows for the continuous flow of water through the xylem?

    <p>Cohesion of water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the coronary arteries and capillaries for the heart?

    <p>To supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All parts of a plant can act as sources for photosynthesis products.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pacemaker in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>It generates an action potential (electrical impulse) that regulates the heart's contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During diastolic pressure, arterial blood pressure is at its __________.

    <p>lowest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Source = Net production of sucrose Sink = Net consumption or storage of sucrose Diastolic pressure = Lowest arterial blood pressure Systolic pressure = Highest arterial blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the difference between the right and left ventricles of the heart?

    <p>The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In photosynthesis, the products are transported from sinks to sources.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one adaptation of cardiac muscle tissue.

    <p>The cells are connected through networked branching to allow efficient contraction in all directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Peptide Bond

    • A peptide bond is formed between two amino acids during a condensation reaction.
    • This bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.
    • Water is released as a byproduct during this process.

    Essential Amino Acids

    • Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet.

    Primary Structure of Proteins

    • The primary structure of a protein refers to the specific sequence of amino acids in its polypeptide chain.

    Protein

    • A protein is a fully folded and functioning molecule made from many bonded amino acids.

    Protein Configuration Descriptions

    • Primary structure: The linear sequence of amino acids.
    • Secondary structure: Local folding patterns, like alpha-helices or beta-sheets.
    • Tertiary structure: The overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain.
    • Quaternary structure: The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein complex.

    Protein Denaturation

    • Denaturation disrupts the shape and function of a protein by breaking the bonds that maintain its structure.
    • This can occur due to factors like heat, pH changes, or the presence of certain chemicals.

    Protein Shape

    • Factors like temperature, pH, and the presence of certain chemicals can affect the overall shape of a protein.

    Cysteine

    • Cysteine is an amino acid that can participate in disulfide bonds, which contribute to protein structure by linking different parts of the polypeptide chain together.

    Leaf Vein Function

    • Leaf veins transport water and nutrients throughout the leaf.
    • They provide structural support to the leaf blade.

    Leaf Thickness and Gas Exchange

    • Thicker leaves have a slower rate of gas exchange because they have a smaller surface area for diffusion.

    Stomata Closure in Darkness

    • Stomata often close in darkness to prevent excessive water loss through transpiration.

    Evaporation and Air Temperature

    • The higher the air temperature, the higher the rate of evaporation.

    Leaf Adaptations and Purpose

    • Sunken stomata: To reduce water loss through transpiration.
    • Thick cuticle: To prevent water loss through the leaf surface.
    • Hairy leaves: To trap a layer of humid air, reducing transpiration.
    • Succulent leaves: To store water in dry environments.

    Ionic Bonds

    • Ionic bonds are formed between ions with opposite charges.
    • They result from the electrostatic attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions.

    Air Movement and Evaporation

    • Air movement increases the rate of water evaporation from leaves, accelerating transpiration.

    Carbon's Covalent Bonds

    • Carbon can form a maximum of four covalent bonds due to its four valence electrons.

    Pneumocytes Type 2

    • Pneumocytes type 2 contain secretory vesicles for secreting surfactant onto the alveolar surface.
    • Surfactant helps to reduce surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse during exhalation.

    Hemoglobin and Oxygen Binding Capacity

    • One molecule of hemoglobin can bind to four oxygen molecules.

    Disaccharide from Glucose and Fructose

    • Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose.

    Animal Polysaccharide Storage

    • Glycogen is the polysaccharide used for storage in animals.

    Bond Types

    • Covalent bonds: Strong bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
    • Ionic bonds: Bonds formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
    • Hydrogen bonds: Relatively weak bonds formed between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen.
    • Van der Waals forces: Weak attractions between molecules due to temporary fluctuations in electron distribution.

    Polymer Formation

    • Polymerization is the process of forming polymers from monomers through dehydration synthesis reactions.

    Pentose Sugars

    • Pentose sugars have five carbon atoms.

    Glucose Properties

    • Glucose is readily soluble in water, making it easy to transport in biological systems.
    • Glucose can be easily broken down to release energy through cellular respiration.

    Oxygen Binding Effect in Pulmonary Capillaries

    • The binding of one oxygen molecule to a hemoglobin molecule in pulmonary capillaries increases the affinity for oxygen binding to the remaining heme groups. This is called cooperative binding.

    Carbon Dioxide Binding to Hemoglobin

    • Carbon dioxide binds directly to the heme groups of hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin.

    Hemoglobin Conformational Change

    • When carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, it causes a conformational change in the hemoglobin molecule, reducing its affinity for oxygen. This is called the Bohr effect.

    Respiratory Demand for Oxygen

    • The presence of more carbon dioxide leads to a higher respiratory demand for oxygen.

    Oxygen Binding Conditions and Effects

    • High carbon dioxide concentration: Shifts the oxygen binding curve to the right, reducing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
    • High hydrogen ion concentration (low pH): Shifts the oxygen binding curve to the right, reducing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
    • High temperature: Shifts the oxygen binding curve to the right, reducing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
    • 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG): Binds to hemoglobin and promotes oxygen release, shifting the oxygen binding curve to the right.

    Oxygen Concentration vs. Oxygen Binding Graph

    • The graph of oxygen concentration vs. average number of oxygen molecules per hemoglobin exhibits a sigmoidal shape.
    • This shape represents the cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin, meaning that as one oxygen molecule binds, it increases the affinity for the remaining binding sites.

    Fetal Hemoglobin Affinity for Oxygen

    • Fetal hemoglobin must have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin to effectively extract oxygen from the mother's blood.

    Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Binding Shift

    • In the presence of carbon dioxide, the curve depicting oxygen binding affinity for hemoglobin shifts to the right.

    Xylem Adaptations for Unimpeded Flow

    • The presence of pits (pores in the cell walls) in xylem allows for unimpeded flow between cells.

    Vessel Elements

    • Vessel elements are found mainly in angiosperms, not gymnosperms.

    Lignin Role in Xylem

    • Lignin provides structural support and rigidity to xylem, allowing it to withstand the pressure needed for water transport.

    Water Transport in Plants

    • Transpiration, the evaporation of water from leaves, pulls water from the roots to the leaves of a plant.

    Transpiration Terms

    • Transpiration: The evaporation of water from leaves.
    • Cohesion: The attraction between water molecules.
    • Adhesion: The attraction between water molecules and the xylem walls.
    • Tension: The negative pressure created by transpiration in the xylem.
    • Capillary action: The movement of water up narrow tubes due to cohesion and adhesion.

    Transpiration Initiation

    • The opening of stomata in the leaf initiates the process of transpiration.

    Water Flow in Xylem

    • The cohesion-tension theory explains the continuous flow of water through the xylem.
    • Transpiration creates a negative pressure (tension) in the xylem, which pulls water up from the roots due to cohesion and adhesion.

    Coronary Arteries and Capillaries for the Heart

    • Coronary arteries and capillaries provide oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.

    Plant Photosynthesis Sources

    • All parts of a plant can act as sources for photosynthesis products, meaning they can produce more than they need and transport excess to other parts.

    Pacemaker Role in Cardiac Cycle

    • The pacemaker, located in the sinoatrial node, initiates the heartbeat by sending electrical impulses that cause the heart muscle to contract.

    Diastolic Pressure

    • During diastolic pressure, arterial blood pressure is at its lowest point, as the heart is relaxing and filling with blood.

    Cardiac Cycle Terms

    • Systole: The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle during which blood is pumped out of the heart.
    • Diastole: The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle during which the heart fills with blood.
    • Cardiac output: The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
    • Stroke volume: The volume of blood pumped by the heart with each beat.

    Right and Left Ventricle Differences

    • The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
    • The left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle because it needs to pump blood against a higher pressure.

    Photosynthesis Product Transport

    • In photosynthesis, the products (sugars) are transported from sinks (areas of high demand) to sources (areas of high production).

    Cardiac Muscle Tissue Adaptation

    • Cardiac muscle tissue has specialized junctions called intercalated discs, which allow for rapid electrical conduction between cells, ensuring coordinated contraction of the heart.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on proteins, amino acids, and plant adaptations with this quiz. Questions cover topics like protein structure, the effects of temperature on gas exchange, and the bonding in biomolecules. Strengthen your understanding of key biological concepts.

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