Biology Chapter 10 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately describes homologous chromosomes?

  • They contain the same genes but may have different alleles. (correct)
  • They are identical in every way.
  • They are formed during crossing over.
  • They are always present in pairs.

During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

  • Metaphase I
  • Prophase I (correct)
  • Prophase II
  • Anaphase I

What is the term for the release of an oocyte from the ovary?

  • Ovulation (correct)
  • Menstruation
  • Fertilization
  • Implantation

Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is FALSE?

<p>They are identical in DNA sequence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In meiosis, where do homologous chromosomes undergo recombination?

<p>During prophase I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorophyll in the process of photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorophyll absorbs some wavelengths and reflects others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents the process of photosynthesis?

<p>6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to wavelengths of light that chlorophyll does not absorb?

<p>They are reflected. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is light energy important in the photosynthesis equation?

<p>It is necessary to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding chlorophyll during photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorophyll reflects light which is not used in photosynthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for holding grana together?

<p>Lamellae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process would be most affected if a plant lacks CO2?

<p>Dark reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component plays a critical role in the structure of thylakoid membranes?

<p>Grana (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

<p>Generating ATP and NADPH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to photosynthesis if plant cells undergo fermentation instead?

<p>Decrease in oxygen release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase do sister chromatids separate?

<p>anaphase II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does anaphase I differ from mitotic anaphase?

<p>Homologous pairs separate in anaphase I. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about telophase I of meiosis?

<p>Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during anaphase in mitosis?

<p>Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not during mitosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary photosynthetic pigment involved in the process of photosynthesis?

<p>Chlorophyll (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pigment is most commonly associated with the absorption of light energy in plants?

<p>Chlorophyll (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the following pigments, which is primarily responsible for the green color of plants?

<p>Chlorophyll (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pigment would predominantly be found in aquatic plants and absorb different wavelengths of light compared to chlorophyll?

<p>Phycobilin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pigment mainly assists in protecting plants from excess light rather than capturing it?

<p>Xanthophyll (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are whitefish blastulas and onion root tips commonly used for studying mitosis?

<p>They are actively growing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the cell cycle occurs immediately after G1?

<p>Synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using both plant and animal models in observing mitosis?

<p>To contrast the process across different cell types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the cell cycle?

<p>G1-S-G2-M (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to observe mitosis in actively growing tissues?

<p>It ensures a higher frequency of cells undergoing mitosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory of inheritance did Mendel's particulate theory replace?

<p>Blending theory of inheritance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of inheritance occurs when the heterozygous genotype displays the phenotypic effects of both alleles equally?

<p>Codominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results when a heterozygous genotype leads to an intermediate phenotype between the two parental traits?

<p>Incomplete dominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which inheritance pattern leads to the expression of both parental traits in the phenotype?

<p>Codominance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between Mendel's theory and the blending theory of inheritance?

<p>Mendel's theory emphasizes genetic separation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of meristematic tissue in plants?

<p>Rapid cell division and growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about cells produced through mitosis?

<p>They are genetically identical to the parent cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for using whitefish blastulas and onion root tips to study mitosis?

<p>They are easy to acquire and visibly demonstrate mitosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the mitotic spindle?

<p>Microtubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a cell plate during cell division?

<p>To form a new cell wall in plant cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon is characterized by a heterozygous genotype exhibiting an intermediate phenotype?

<p>incomplete dominance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between a gene and an allele?

<p>Alleles are specific forms of genes and may be dominant or recessive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, which scenario exemplifies codominance?

<p>A blood type A individual mates with a blood type B individual resulting in blood type AB offspring. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is NOT associated with inheritance patterns in genetics?

<p>phenotypic plasticity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes alleles?

<p>Alleles are alternative versions of a gene that occupy the same locus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the release of an oocyte from an ovary?

<p>ovulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the S phase in interphase?

<p>To replicate the DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the S phase, what happens to the total amount of genetic material in a cell?

<p>It has doubled. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event occurs immediately after the S phase in the cell cycle?

<p>G2 phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase follows mitosis in the cell cycle?

<p>Cytokinesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sister chromatid separation phase

Anaphase. Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the mitotic spindle.

Anaphase I vs. Mitotic Anaphase

In Anaphase I, homologous pairs separate; in mitotic anaphase, sister chromatids separate.

Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome joined together.

Homologous pairs

Two chromosomes with the same genes, one from each parent.

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Homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that are not identical, but carry the same genes.

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Crossing over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

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Prophase I

The first phase of meiosis where crossing over takes place.

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Ovulation

Release of an oocyte (egg) from an ovary.

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Meiosis

Cell division that produces gametes (sex cells).

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Chlorophyll's role in light

Chlorophyll absorbs specific wavelengths of light and reflects others. The absorbed light energy is used in photosynthesis.

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Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Light absorption by Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll absorbs certain colors of light and reflects others.

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Photosynthesis inputs

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

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Photosynthesis outputs

Sugars (like glucose) and oxygen (O2).

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Grana

Stacks of thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts, responsible for light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

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Lamellae

Interconnecting membranes that connect grana in chloroplasts, allowing for communication between stacks.

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What holds grana together?

Lamellae, interconnecting membranes, connect grana stacks in chloroplasts, facilitating communication and movement of molecules.

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CO2 Deprivation

If a plant lacks CO2, the Calvin Cycle (dark reactions) will be directly affected, as it requires CO2 to produce sugars.

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Process affected by CO2 deprivation

The Calvin Cycle (dark reactions) of photosynthesis would be most immediately affected by CO2 deprivation.

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Photosynthetic Pigment

A molecule that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

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Chlorophyll

The primary photosynthetic pigment in plants, algae, and some bacteria, responsible for absorbing light energy for photosynthesis.

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Phycobilin

A photosynthetic pigment found in red algae and cyanobacteria, absorbing light in the green and yellow regions of the spectrum.

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Xanthophyll

A type of carotenoid pigment that absorbs light in the blue-green region of the spectrum, playing a role in photosynthesis and protecting chlorophyll from damage.

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Carotene

A type of carotenoid pigment found in many plants, responsible for absorbing light in the blue-violet region of the spectrum.

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Particulate Theory

Mendel's theory that parents pass on discrete units of inheritance (genes) to offspring, not blended traits.

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Blending Theory

The outdated idea that offspring inherit a blend of traits from their parents, like mixing paint.

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Codominance

When both alleles of a heterozygous pair are fully expressed in the phenotype.

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Incomplete Dominance

When the heterozygous genotype results in an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous genotypes.

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What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?

In codominance, both alleles are fully expressed, while in incomplete dominance, the heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that is a blend of both alleles.

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Why use whitefish blastulas and onion root tips for mitosis?

They are both actively growing tissues, allowing for easy observation of mitosis in both animal (whitefish) and plant (onion) models. They are also readily available for convenient study.

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What are the phases of the cell cycle in order?

The cell cycle proceeds in this order: G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (more growth), and M (mitosis).

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What is G1 phase?

G1 is the first growth phase of the cell cycle, where the cell grows in size and produces organelles. It's like a cell getting ready to duplicate its DNA.

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What happens during the S phase?

S phase is the DNA replication phase, where the cell duplicates its entire genome, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genetic material.

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What is G2 phase?

G2 is the second growth phase of the cell cycle, where the cell further prepares for mitosis by producing proteins needed for cell division.

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What happens during S phase?

The S phase of interphase is when DNA replication occurs, doubling the amount of genetic material in the cell.

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What's ovulation?

Ovulation is the release of a mature egg (oocyte) from an ovary.

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Oogenesis vs. Ovulation

Oogenesis is the entire process of egg cell development, while ovulation is the specific event of releasing a mature egg from the ovary.

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What's the function of chlorophyll?

Chlorophyll absorbs specific wavelengths of light, primarily red and blue, while reflecting green, giving plants their color. This absorbed light energy fuels photosynthesis.

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How does CO2 deprivation affect photosynthesis?

CO2 is a crucial input for the Calvin Cycle (dark reactions) of photosynthesis, which produces sugars. Without CO2, the Calvin Cycle cannot proceed efficiently, hindering sugar production.

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What is the core difference between a gene and an allele?

A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait, while an allele is a specific variation of that gene. For instance, a gene for eye color might have alleles for brown eyes, blue eyes, or green eyes.

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Simple Inheritance

Describes inheritance patterns with a single gene affecting a single trait.

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Meristematic Tissue

Specialized plant tissue responsible for rapid cell division and growth, found in areas like root tips and shoot tips.

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Mitosis Creates Clones

When a cell undergoes mitosis, the two resulting daughter cells are genetically identical to the original parent cell.

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Why Whitefish blastulas?

Whitefish blastulas and onion root tips are commonly used in microscopy to observe mitosis because their cells are rapidly dividing and easily visible.

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Onion Root Tip

A common source for observing mitosis. Roots grow rapidly, so the cells in the tip are actively dividing.

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Purpose of Mitosis

Mitosis is essential for growth, repair, and reproduction in multicellular organisms. It ensures that new cells are genetically identical to the parent cell.

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Study Notes

Question 1

  • Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II.

Question 2

  • Anaphase I differs from mitotic anaphase because homologous pairs separate in anaphase I.

Question 3

  • Homologous chromosomes are not identical. They are false.

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Description

Test your understanding of meiosis with this quiz focusing on anaphase I and II, as well as the nature of homologous chromosomes. Answer questions about the key differences between meiotic and mitotic processes. Perfect for reinforcing your knowledge in genetics!

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