Anaphase II and Telophase II

Mitosis and Meiosis

• Chromatids separate, and each is now called a chromosome.
• New nuclei form around the chromosomes, and the cells divide to form four daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.

Male Reproductive System

• The dartos and cremaster muscles help regulate testes temperature.
• The response of the dartos and cremaster is important in regulating the temperature in testes.
• Testes or male gonads are oval organs within the scrotum.
• Key functions of testes: produce sperm and produce male sex hormones.
• The testes are divided into lobules.
• Epididymis is a tightly coiled series of threadlike tubules that form a comma-shaped structure on the posterior side of the testes.

Penis

• The attached portion of the penis to the body is known as the root.
• The freer moving part is called the shaft or the body.
• The penis is usually flaccid and hangs down, but during sexual excitation, it becomes erect, swollen, and gorged with blood.

Uterus

• The uterine wall is composed of perimetrium (serous), myometrium (muscular), and endometrium (functional).
• The perimetrium is a serous membrane that envelops the uterus and provides support to the uterus.
• The myometrium is composed of smooth muscle and allows the uterus to stretch during pregnancy and childbirth.

Fallopian Tubes

• The fallopian tubes are a passageway for the excretion of urine as well as the ejaculation of semen.
• Fertilization of the ovum by the sperm usually occurs in the fallopian tube.

Ovaries

• The term adnexa is used collectively when discussing the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting tissues.
• The ovaries are oval organs located within the pelvis.

Female Reproductive System

• The vulva is the external female sex organ that receives the penis during sexual intercourse.
• The vagina is a tubular fibromuscular structure approximately 8-10 cm in length that extends from the uterus to the exterior.
• The vagina is also an organ of sexual response and allows passage of menstrual flow and birth of a baby.
• The labia majora are larger, outer folds of skin equivalent to the male scrotum.
• The labia minora are thin, inner folds of skin located between the clitoris and the base of the vagina.
• The clitoris is a small erectile structure located in the vestibule, equivalent to the male penis.

Mammary Glands

• Structurally related to the skin, but functionally related to the reproductive system because they produce milk for nourishment.
• Enclosed within the breasts, situated anterior to the pectoralis, the major muscles of the chest.
• Each adult female breast contains mammary glands, consisting of usually 15 to 20 granular lobes that are surrounded by adipose tissue.