Biology Chapter 10: Cellular Respiration
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Questions and Answers

What is the net gain of ATP molecules from glycolysis when two pyruvic acid molecules are produced?

  • Two ATP molecules (correct)
  • One ATP molecule
  • Four ATP molecules
  • Three ATP molecules

Which compound does acetyl CoA combine with in the citric acid cycle?

  • Oxaloacetic acid (correct)
  • Citric acid
  • Pyruvic acid
  • Acetic acid

How many ATP molecules are produced during one complete cycle of the citric acid cycle?

  • One ATP molecule (correct)
  • Four ATP molecules
  • Three ATP molecules
  • Two ATP molecules

What key process occurs during oxidative phosphorylation to synthesize ATP?

<p>Formation of a proton gradient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of ATP molecules produced during complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule?

<p>36 ATP molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is described as the conversion of sugar produced by photosynthesis into fats and proteins?

<p>Assimilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the secondary metabolites like alkaloids and terpenoids?

<p>Aid in plant growth and protection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of molecules are produced during the digestion process within plant cells?

<p>Small soluble molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the temperature affect the respiration rate of plants?

<p>Respiration rates double or triple with an increase from 20°C to 30°C. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as a by-product of aerobic respiration?

<p>Carbon dioxide and water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen?

<p>Glycolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is formed from pyruvic acid during aerobic respiration?

<p>Acetyl CoA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hydrogen ions and electrons during aerobic respiration?

<p>They are passed along an electron transport system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors affects respiration rates?

<p>Temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does anaerobic respiration produce?

<p>By-products like lactic acid or ethyl alcohol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?

<p>Cytochromes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of auxins in plants?

<p>Promote cell enlargement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for promoting flowering in plants?

<p>Gibberellins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does abscisic acid have on bud dormancy?

<p>Causes buds to become dormant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is apical dominance?

<p>Inhibition of lateral bud growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant hormone is synthesized from carotenoid pigments?

<p>Abscisic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ethylene play in fruit ripening?

<p>Hastens ripening (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plant movements is primarily driven by internal stimuli?

<p>Nastic movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of synthetic auxin-like compounds such as 2,4-D?

<p>Kill weeds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of growth in biological terms?

<p>An irreversible increase in volume due to cell division and enlargement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves changes in form due to both growth and differentiation?

<p>Development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hormones affect plant growth?

<p>By influencing various plant activities, including growth and flowering. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes vitamins from hormones in plants?

<p>Vitamins activate enzymes while hormones primarily regulate cell division. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key finding of Frits Went's experiment with coleoptiles?

<p>Auxin diffuses from the tips to influence growth direction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a coleoptile when an agar block with auxin is placed off center?

<p>The coleoptile bends towards the agar block. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the major known types of plant hormones?

<p>Insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of growth in cells outpacing their surface area?

<p>Cells change their shape and function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is apical dominance and how can it be altered?

<p>It can be offset with an application of cytokinins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do gibberellins have on cabbage plants?

<p>They are necessary for tall growth and flowering. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ethylene affect holly twigs?

<p>It induces abscission of leaves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are tropisms?

<p>They are permanent growth movements directed by stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of turgor movements in plants?

<p>Changes in internal water pressures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plants will not flower under long-day conditions?

<p>Short-day plants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is photoperiodism?

<p>A response of plants to the duration of day or night. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the leaves of a prayer plant at night?

<p>They fold together due to sleep movements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the bending of stem tips toward light in plants?

<p>Destruction of auxin on the exposed side. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition did the green poinsettias not flower?

<p>More than 10 hours of light per day. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a short-day plant like cocklebur respond to differing light conditions?

<p>It can flower if one leaf mimics short days. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are phytochromes primarily responsible for in plants?

<p>Light sensitivity and responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of gravitropism on the primary roots and shoots of plants?

<p>Roots are positively gravitropic, shoots are negatively gravitropic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to Pfr in the dark?

<p>It is converted to Pr over several hours. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a period of dormancy in plants?

<p>Growth inactivity even with suitable conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of the Coleus plant placed on its side, what is the observed response?

<p>Stems bend upward, exhibiting negative gravitropism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose to release energy. It occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of cells.

Aerobic Respiration

A type of respiration that requires oxygen. It produces a large amount of ATP (energy).

Anaerobic Respiration

A type of respiration that does not require oxygen. It produces much less ATP than aerobic respiration.

Glycolysis

The first stage of respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate. It occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.

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Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

A series of reactions that occur in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration. It releases energy, CO2 & hydrogen.

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Electron Transport Chain

A chain of electron carriers that transfers electrons from NADH to oxygen, releasing small amounts of energy that are used to produce ATP.

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NADH

The molecule that carries hydrogen and electrons during respiration. It acts as an energy shuttle.

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Cytochromes

A group of proteins that play a crucial role in the electron transport chain, transferring electrons in a specific order.

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Growth

A permanent increase in size due to cell division and enlargement.

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Development

Change in form or structure resulting from growth and differentiation.

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Differentiation

Specialized cells performing specific functions.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers produced in small quantities that influence growth, development, and other processes.

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Vitamins

Organic molecules that activate enzymes, crucial for numerous biochemical reactions.

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Auxins

A group of plant hormones that promote cell elongation, root development, and other growth processes.

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Phototropism

The bending of a plant stem towards a light source.

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Went's experiment

A type of bioassay that uses oat coleoptiles to measure the amount of auxin in a sample.

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Fermentation

The process of breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce a small amount of energy. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

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Citric Acid Cycle

The series of reactions that occur in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration, where acetyl CoA is broken down to release energy, CO2 and hydrogen atoms.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process of generating ATP by using the energy from the electron transport chain. This occurs in the mitochondria.

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Assimilation

The process of converting sugars produced by photosynthesis into fats, proteins, complex carbohydrates, and other substances.

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Digestion in plants

The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules that can be transported within a plant.

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Secondary Metabolites

Substances that are produced by plants and have a wide range of biological activities.

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Gravitropism

Growth responses to the stimulus of gravity.

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Dormancy

A period of growth inactivity in seeds, buds, bulbs, and other plant organs even when appropriate environmental conditions are met.

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Quiescence

A state in which a seed is unable to germinate unless appropriate environmental conditions exist.

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Pfr

The active form of phytochrome that promotes flowering and other functions.

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Pr

The inactive form of phytochrome that is converted to Pfr by red light.

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Flowering hormone (in short-day plants)

A substance produced in the shaded leaf that initiates flowering in short-day plants.

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Angle of Curvature Test

The angle of curvature produced when a test block with a known amount of auxin is placed off center on a coleoptile.

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Monocots

The least sensitive group of plants to auxin effects.

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Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA)

A vital molecule in respiration, acting as a precursor in the synthesis of gibberellin (GA).

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Gibberellins (GA)

Plant hormones that promote stem growth and flowering.

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Cytokinins

Plant hormone responsible for promoting cell division.

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Abscisic Acid (ABA)

Plant hormone that triggers bud dormancy and aids in water conservation.

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Ethylene

A gaseous plant hormone that speeds up fruit ripening.

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Photoperiodism

A plant's response to the length of day or night, influencing flowering time.

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Gibberellins

Plant hormones involved in stem elongation, seed germination, fruit development, and flowering.

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Thigmotropism

A plant's growth response to touch or contact, often seen in vines or tendrils.

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Chemotropism (Halotropism)

A plant's response to chemicals, such as salt, leading to growth towards or away from the chemical.

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Turgor Movements

Rapid, reversible movements in plants due to changes in internal water pressure.

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Study Notes

Respiration

  • Respiration occurs in mitochondria.
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
  • During glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate.
  • The citric acid cycle occurs in the cytosol.
  • The electron transport chain occurs in mitochondria.
  • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.
  • Anaerobic respiration and fermentation do not require oxygen.
  • Fermentation produces lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide.
  • Temperature, water availability, and oxygen levels affect respiration rates.
  • Respiration is a catabolic process.
  • Enzymes are involved in releasing energy from simple sugars and organic acids.
  • ATP stores released energy.

Additional Information on Respiration

  • Glycolysis requires no molecular oxygen.
  • In glycolysis, two phosphates are added to a 6-carbon sugar molecule, splitting it into two 3-carbon sugars (GA3P).
  • In glycolysis, energy, hydrogen, and water are removed from GA3P, producing pyruvic acid.
  • Glycolysis has a net gain of two ATP molecules.
  • Hydrogen and electrons from glycolysis are picked up by NAD, converting it to NADH.
  • In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid loses some CO2, becomes acetyl CoA, and enters the citric acid cycle.
  • The citric acid cycle involves enzyme-catalyzed reactions of organic acids.
  • During the citric acid cycle, two CO2 molecules are released.
  • During the citric acid cycle, hydrogen removed is picked up by FAD and NAD to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
  • Aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP molecules from a single glucose molecule.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Answer questions related to ATP production, pyruvic acid, and the role of secondary metabolites. Test your understanding of energy conversion in living organisms.

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