Biology Chapter 1 Quiz

Dates and Deadlines

• January 21, 2025: Chapter 0, Course Introduction, Quiz 1
• January 23, 2025: Chapter 1, Process of Science, Quiz 2
• January 28, 2025: Chapter 2, Chemistry of Life, Quiz 3, Review
• January 30, 2025: Chapter 3, Cell Structure and Function, Quiz 4
• February 4, 2025: Review for Exam I
• February 6, 2025: Exam I

Exam Information

• Exam I is the next class
• Do not be late
• Make-up exams are allowed only with an excuse
• Submit any access center requests prior to the exam
• The answer key will be provided
• The exam will be provided
• Students will bring pencils

Review Time!

• This is a general statement, no further details.

Chapter 1: Process of Science

• Anecdotal evidence: derived from personal observation and experience
• Scientific evidence: derived from systematic observation and experimentation
• Scientific evidence involves: observations, hypothesis formation, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusions
• Anecdotal evidence may feel correct, but is not very reliable and may inspire further scientific inquiry.

Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life

• All living organisms share five characteristics of life: grow, reproduce, maintain homeostasis, sense and respond to stimuli, and obtain and use energy
• A mule (offspring of a horse and donkey) is alive but sterile.
• Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
• Elements cannot be broken down chemically.
• Atom: the smallest unit of an element that retains the element's properties.
• Nucleus: the dense core of an atom.
• Subatomic particles (electrons, protons, and neutrons) determine the properties of an atom.
• Carbon: a key element in life's molecules
• Carbon can form multiple covalent bonds by sharing electrons
• Carbon atoms can bond up to four other atoms.
• Organic molecules have carbon-based backbones and at least one C-H bond
• Carbohydrates: made of repeating subunits of simple sugars; simple sugars are monomers.
• Proteins: are polymers made of repeating amino acid units
• Proteins have the same atoms in the main chain and different groups in the side chain.
• Lipids: not made of repeating monomers; hydrophobic (do not mix with water)
• Nucleic acids: polymers made of repeating nucleotide subunits. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.

Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function

• Cells are the smallest units of life
• All living things have cells and new cells originate from existing ones
• Two types of cells exist: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• All cells are enclosed by a membrane, which controls the passage of molecules
• Cell membranes are composed of a bilayer of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing the water and hydrophobic tails facing away.
• Osmosis: water diffuses across a semipermeable membrane.
• Diffusion: substances move from higher to lower concentrations.
• Active transport: requires energy to pump substances against their concentration gradient.
• Eukaryotic organelles, including: nucleus (encloses DNA and controls reactions); endoplasmic reticulum (synthesizes proteins and lipids); Golgi apparatus (processes and transports proteins); mitochondria (extract energy from food); chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis); lysosomes (contain digestive enzymes); cytoskeleton (protein fibers for support and movement of materials within the cell).
• Endosymbiosis theory: free-living prokaryotic cells engulfed other free-living prokaryotic cells, creating mitochondria and chloroplasts billions of years ago.
• Antibiotics: chemicals that target and kill bacteria, preferentially, without harming humans or animals.
• Antibiotics target what is unique about bacterial cells.

General Study Points

• Substances cross cell membranes through simple or facilitated diffusion.
• Water crosses cell membranes via osmosis.
• All cells have ribosomes that synthesize new proteins, and eukaryotic cells have many specialized organelles.
• Understanding the chemical properties of water (polar nature, solvent properties, cohesive and adhesive properties)
• Understanding how different types of cell structures and processes work together—especially in terms of their structure and the processes they support.
• How the scientific method is used to study and test hypotheses
• The correlation between variables does not equate to cause and effect